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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Methotrexate plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs UDCA Serious adverse events (proportion) · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methotrexate plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs UDCA Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Methotrexate plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs UDCA Health‐related quality of life · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs no intervention Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Azathioprine vs no intervention Mortality at maximal · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.56 [0.32, 0.98] | 2 studies · 224 participants | Very low |
Azathioprine vs no intervention Serious adverse events (proportion) · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Azathioprine vs no intervention Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Azathioprine vs no intervention Health‐related quality of life · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Colchicine vs no intervention Mortality at maximal · people with primary biliary cholangitis Pharmacological interventions for primary biliary cholangitis (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.77 [0.32, 1.85] | 2 studies · 122 participants | Very low |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Mortality (at maximal · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.85 [0.6, 1.18] | 2 studies · 412 participants | Very low |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Short‐term and medium‐term mortality · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Adverse events · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Quality of life · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Disease recurrence · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Length of hospital stay · people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma Management of people with intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery vs radiofrequency ablation All‐cause mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.8 [0.6, 1.08] | 4 studies · 574 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous alcohol injection vs radiofrequency ablation Health‐related quality of life · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.77 [0.85, 3.68] | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Cancer‐related mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.26 [0.49, 3.27] | 1 study · 140 participants | Very low |
Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.06, 16.31] | 2 studies · 170 participants | Very low |
Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laser ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Health‐related quality of life · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.12 [0.48, 2.58] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Cancer‐related mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.11 [0.18, 25.35] | 2 studies · 84 participants | Very low |
Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Surgery vs radiofrequency ablation Cancer‐related mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.35 [0.19, 0.65] | 1 study · 230 participants | Low |
Transarterial embolisation plus radiofrequency ablation vs radiofrequency ablation Health‐related quality of life · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection Mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 0.81 [0.65, 1.01] | 2 studies · 202 participants | Very low |
Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection Cancer‐related mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.07 [0, 1.41] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 5.41 [0.25, 118.34] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transarterial embolisation plus percutaneous alcohol injection vs percutaneous alcohol injection Health‐related quality of life · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Surgery vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 17.96 [2.28, 141.6] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Surgery vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 7.02 [2.29, 21.46] | 2 studies · 391 participants | Low |
Surgery vs radiofrequency ablation Health‐related quality of life · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma eligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Percutaneous alcohol injection vs radiofrequency ablation Mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | HR 1.49 [1.18, 1.88] | 5 studies · 882 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous alcohol injection vs radiofrequency ablation Cancer‐related mortality at maximal · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 2.18 [1.22, 3.89] | 3 studies · 458 participants | Low |
Percutaneous alcohol injection vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of participants) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.67 [0.19, 2.4] | 3 studies · 365 participants | Very low |
Percutaneous alcohol injection vs radiofrequency ablation Serious adverse events (number of events) · people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for surgery Management of people with early‐ or very early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (2017) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.78 [0.17, 3.47] | 1 study · 232 participants | Very low |
Direct‐acting antivirals vs control All‐cause mortality at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | OR 3.72 [0.53, 26.18] | 11 studies · 2996 participants | Very low |
Direct‐acting antivirals vs control Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse event at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.93 [0.75, 1.15] | 43 studies · 15817 participants | Very low |
Direct‐acting antivirals vs control Proportion of participants with no sustained virological response at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.37, 0.52] | 32 studies · 6886 participants | Low |
Direct‐acting antivirals withdrawn from the market vs control All‐cause mortality at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | OR 0.64 [0.23, 1.79] | 5 studies · 3045 participants | Very low |
Direct‐acting antivirals withdrawn from the market vs control Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse event at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | OR 1.45 [1.22, 1.73] | 29 studies · 9229 participants | Very low |
Direct‐acting antivirals withdrawn from the market vs control Proportion of participants with no sustained virological response at maximum · adults with chronic hepatitis C Direct‐acting antivirals for chronic hepatitis C (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.55, 0.69] | 21 studies · 9075 participants | Low |
Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo/no intervention Mortality · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.4, 0.87] | 24 studies · 1487 participants | Moderate |
Lactulose vs lactitol Non‐serious adverse events (secondary outcome) · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [0.88, 2.74] | 6 studies · 169 participants | Very low |
Non‐absorbable disaccharides vs placebo/no intervention Hepatic encephalopathy · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis Non‐absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.5, 0.69] | 22 studies · 1415 participants | Moderate |