What do systematic reviews say?

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Nitroglycerin vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction in pregnancy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.15 [0.75, 1.77]
  1 study · 183 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.24 [0.96, 18.83]
  1 study · 183 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.09 [0.63, 41.45]
  1 study · 183 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.91]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.69]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.36]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.4 [0.73, 2.7]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes chronic lung disease compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.48, 1.24]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 9.08 [0.54, 153.08]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Very low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in respiratory distress syndrome compared with betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes (high certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.91, 1.22]
  5 studies · 2105 participants
  High

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in intraventricular haemorrhage compared with betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes (low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.28, 1.81]
  4 studies · 1901 participants
  Low

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease compared with betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes (moderate certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.92 [0.64, 1.34]
  1 study · 1509 participants
  Moderate

Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes

Dexamethasone showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes (low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.08 [0.25, 105.15]
  2 studies · 441 participants
  Low

Hands and knees posture vs other postures

Hands and knees posture showed no clear difference in operative birth (composite outcome defined as caesarean section,… compared with other postures (low certainty).

• Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.87, 1.5]
  3 studies · 721 participants
  Low

Hands and knees posture vs other postures

It is very uncertain whether hands and knees posture changes apgar scores < 7 at 5 minutes compared with other postures (very low certainty).

• Maternal postures for fetal malposition in labour for improving the health of mothers and their infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.21, 2.34]
  2 studies · 586 participants
  Very low