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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,590 questions in 129 reviews · Gynaecological, Neuro-oncology and Orphan Cancer
current versionsNo studies 281 · 17.7%Ungraded 74 · 4.7%Very low 410 · 25.8%Low 420 · 26.4%Moderate 280 · 17.6%High 125 · 7.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Probiotics vs placebo Requiring rescue medication for diarrhoea · participants with cancer treated with radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy‐ or radiotherapy‐related diarrhoea in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.15, 1.66] | 3 studies · 194 participants | Very low |
Probiotics vs placebo Adverse events · participants with cancer treated with radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy‐ or radiotherapy‐related diarrhoea in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 902 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Mortality · participants with cancer treated with radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of chemotherapy‐ or radiotherapy‐related diarrhoea in people with… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 902 participants | Low |
Influenza vaccine vs no vaccine All‐cause mortality, solid cancers · immunosuppressed adults with cancer Influenza vaccines in immunosuppressed adults with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.78, 1] | 1 study · 1577 participants | Very low |
Influenza vaccine vs no vaccine All‐cause mortality, solid and haematological malignancies · immunosuppressed adults with cancer Influenza vaccines in immunosuppressed adults with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.42 [0.24, 0.75] | 1 study · 806 participants | Very low |
Influenza vaccine vs no vaccine All‐cause mortality, allogeneic BMT · immunosuppressed adults with cancer Influenza vaccines in immunosuppressed adults with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.43, 3.62] | 1 study · 78 participants | Low |
Adjuvanted influenza vaccine vs non‐adjuvanted influenza vaccine All‐cause mortality, allogeneic BMT, · immunosuppressed adults with cancer Influenza vaccines in immunosuppressed adults with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.05, 5.73] | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cervical cancer ‐ not measured · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cervical cancer ‐ not measured · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR CIN2+ associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0.03, 0.1] | 6 studies · 34478 participants | High |
Intervention NR CIN3+ associated with HPV16/18 (age 15 to 26 years) · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0.02, 0.14] | 3 studies · 33199 participants | High |
Intervention NR AIS associated with HPV16/18 or 6/11/16/18 (age 15 to 26 years) · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 0.72] | 2 studies · 17079 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any CIN2+ irrespective of HPV type (age 15 to 26 years) · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.32, 0.52] | 3 studies · 19143 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any CIN3+ irrespective of HPV type ‐ not measured · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any AIS irrespective of HPV type ‐ not measured · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who were HPV16/18 negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cervical cancer ‐ not measured · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR CIN2+ associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 | 3 studies · 34852 participants | High |
Intervention NR CIN3+ associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.45, 0.67] | 2 studies · 34562 participants | High |
Intervention NR CIN2+ associated with HPV16/18. · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.01 [0, 0.05] | 3 studies · 23676 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adeno carcinoma in situ (AIS) associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.78] | 2 studies · 34562 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any CIN2+ irrespective of HPV type · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.58, 0.85] | 4 studies · 35779 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any CIN3+ irrespective of HPV type (age 15 to 26 years) · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.49, 0.93] | 3 studies · 35489 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any CIN3+ irrespective of HPV type (age 15 to 26 years), · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.43, 0.71] | 2 studies · 18329 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any AIS irrespective of HPV type (age 15 to 26 years) · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.15, 0.67] | 2 studies · 34562 participants | High |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.92, 1.05] | 23 studies · 71597 participants | High |
Intervention NR Deaths · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years regardless of HPV DNA status at baseline Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.85, 1.98] | 23 studies · 71176 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Spontaneous abortion/miscarriage · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who became pregnant during the study Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.68, 1.14] | 9 studies · 8618 participants | High |
Intervention NR Elective termination/induced abortion · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who became pregnant during the study Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.8, 1.02] | 9 studies · 10909 participants | High |
Intervention NR Stillbirth · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who became pregnant during the study Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.83] | 6 studies · 8754 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR CIN3+ associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.01 [0, 0.1] | 2 studies · 20214 participants | High |
Intervention NR Babies born with congenital malformations · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 45 years who became pregnant during the study Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.88, 1.69] | 5 studies · 9252 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR AIS associated with HPV16/18 · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 0.82] | 2 studies · 20214 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any CIN2+ irrespective of HPV type, bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.25, 0.55] | 5 studies · 25180 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any CIN2+ irrespective of HPV type · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.25, 0.43] | 4 studies · 15884 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any CIN3+ irrespective of HPV type, bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.04, 1.1] | 3 studies · 20719 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any CIN3+ irrespective of HPV type · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.03, 0.23] | 2 studies · 11423 participants | High |
Intervention NR Any AIS irrespective of HPV type · adolescent girls and women aged 15 to 26 years who are hrHPV negative before vaccination Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 0.76] | 2 studies · 20214 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Mortality · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.63, 1.07] | 8 studies · 4260 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Postoperative transfusion · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 734 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Intraoperative blood loss · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 761 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Postoperative drain volume · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1459 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Thrombocytopenia · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.07 [0.32, 29.33] | 2 studies · 683 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Mortality ‐ not reported · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Any VTE · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.51 [0.89, 7.03] | 3 studies · 1806 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Major Bleeding · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.45, 1.23] | 3 studies · 2339 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Minor Bleeding · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.34, 2.05] | 2 studies · 398 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Thrombocytopenia · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.04, 3.3] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Any Pulmonary embolism · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.1 [0.13, 74.64] | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
LMWH prophylaxis vs UFH prophylaxis Any PE · People with cancer with perioperative thromboprophylaxis Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.17, 1.47] | 14 studies · 5588 participants | Moderate |
LMWH prophylaxis vs fondaparinux prophylaxis Postoperative drain volume · People with perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer Anticoagulation for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in people with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |