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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Instrumental vaginal birth · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Maternal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Neonatal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Caesarean section ‐ overall · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [1.16, 4.36] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section ‐ low risk group · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Elective repeat caesarean section · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Major maternal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.03 | NR | High |
Intervention NR Minor maternal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.3 | NR | High |
Intervention NR Major neonatal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Minor neonatal morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Intrapartum and neonatal deaths · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – unscheduled · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality or morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Caesarean section · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.29 [0.99, 1.67] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Instrumental vaginal birth · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality or morbidity · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Primary outcome measure Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Caesarean section Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Instrumental vaginal birth Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality or morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality or morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Primary caesarean section Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.56 | NR | Low |
Intervention NR VBAC Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | OR 2.03 | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality or morbidity · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.88, 1.3] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.09 [0.69, 1.72] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Primary outcome measure Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Caesarean section Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Instrumental vaginal birth Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality or morbidity · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal or neonatal mortality Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR VBAC Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality or morbidity Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth – physiologic birth · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth – normal vaginal birth · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.62, 1.14] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – elective · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.58, 1.56] | NR | Moderate |
Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type Shared decision making (observer based outcome measure (OBOM), continuous measures) ( · patients, including healthcare consumers and simulated patients Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 424 participants | Very low |
Interventions targeting patients vs usual care or interventions of the same type Shared decision making (PROM, continuous) ( · patients, including healthcare consumers and simulated patients Interventions for increasing the use of shared decision making by healthcare professionals (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1906 participants | Very low |