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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders
current versionsNo studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Lithium vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Adverse events · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lithium vs all antimanic agents Efficacy: response (categorical) YMRS/MRS/BPRS change by ≥ 50% at end of study · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.36 [1.01, 1.83] | 14 studies · 3666 participants | High |
Lithium vs all antimanic agents Efficacy: response (continuous) YMRS/BPRS: change from baseline to end of study · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 2410 participants | Low |
Lithium vs valproate Efficacy: response (categorical) YMRS/SADS‐C decrease ≥ 50% by end of study · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.22 [0.87, 1.7] | 5 studies · 607 participants | Moderate |
Lithium vs all antimanic agents Efficacy: remission (categorical) YMRS ≤ 12 at end of study · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lithium vs all antimanic agents Acceptability: total withdrawals · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.89, 1.52] | 24 studies · 4201 participants | High |
Lithium vs all antimanic agents Adverse events · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lithium vs valproate Efficacy: response (continuous) Change in YMRS (ITT‐LOCF) from baseline to end of study · acute mania Lithium for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 398 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo Response rate at 3 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 2.05 [1.32, 3.2] | 4 studies · 869 participants | High |
Valproate vs placebo Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause At 4‐6 weeks (secondary acceptability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.77 [0.83, 3.78] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Valproate vs lithium Response rate at 3 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.48, 1.35] | 3 studies · 356 participants | Moderate |
Valproate vs lithium Number of participants with any adverse event at 2‐4 weeks (primary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.61 [0.25, 1.5] | 2 studies · 164 participants | Low |
Valproate vs lithium Individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 3 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 [0.35, 2.67] | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
Valproate vs lithium Change in symptom severity at 3 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 57 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs lithium Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause At 2‐4 weeks (secondary acceptability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.47, 1.45] | 3 studies · 388 participants | Moderate |
Valproate vs lithium Response rate at 8 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.57 [0.31, 1.07] | 1 study · 197 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs lithium Number of participants with any adverse event (primary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Valproate vs lithium Individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 8 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.59 [0.84, 3] | 1 study · 190 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs lithium Change in symptom severity of mania rating scale at 8 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 190 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo Number with any adverse event after 3 weeks (primary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.63 [1.13, 2.36] | 3 studies · 745 participants | Moderate |
Valproate vs lithium Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause At 8 weeks (secondary acceptability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.39, 1.37] | 1 study · 197 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs olanzapine Response rate at endpoint at 3 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.77 [0.48, 1.25] | 2 studies · 667 participants | Low |
Valproate vs olanzapine Number of participants with any adverse event (primary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Valproate vs olanzapine Adverse events ‐ Sedation At 3‐12 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.5 [0.28, 0.91] | 2 studies · 536 participants | High |
Valproate vs olanzapine Change in symptom severity at 3 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 826 participants | High |
Valproate vs olanzapine Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause At 3‐12 weeks (secondary acceptability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.04 [0.71, 1.52] | 3 studies · 616 participants | High |
Valproate vs risperidone Response rate at 8 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.16 [0.08, 0.29] | 1 study · 197 participants | Low |
Valproate vs risperidone Number of participants with any adverse event (primary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Valproate vs risperidone Adverse events ‐ Sedation At 8 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.5 [0.28, 0.91] | 1 study · 189 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs risperidone Change in symptom severity at 5 ‐ 12 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 228 participants | Low |
Valproate vs placebo Individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 3‐8 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.76 [0.95, 3.24] | 5 studies · 932 participants | High |
Valproate vs risperidone Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause (secondary acceptability outcome) At 5 ‐ 12 weeks · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.96 [1, 3.82] | 2 studies · 236 participants | Low |
Valproate vs placebo Change in symptom severity at 3 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 907 participants | Moderate |
Valproate vs placebo Dropout rate ‐ All‐cause 3‐8 weeks (secondary acceptability outcome) · Adults (aged 18 and over) with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.83 [0.64, 1.07] | 6 studies · 1156 participants | Moderate |
Valproate vs placebo Response rate at 4 weeks (primary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.11 [0.51, 2.38] | 1 study · 151 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo Number with any adverse event at 4 weeks (primary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.39 [0.71, 2.71] | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo Individual adverse events ‐ Sedation At 4 weeks (secondary tolerability outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | OR 0.4 [0.12, 1.37] | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
Valproate vs placebo Change in symptom severity at 4 weeks (secondary efficacy outcome) · Children and adolescents with acute mania Valproate for acute mania (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 144 participants | Very low |
Family therapy vs standard care/treatment Remission post‐intervention Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.83 [1.6, 9.13] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Low |
Family therapy vs standard care/treatment Remission at long‐term Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6.09 [0.33, 110.84] | 1 study · 41 participants | Low |
Family therapy vs standard care/treatment Mortality at long‐term Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Family therapy vs psychological interventions Remission post‐intervention Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.89, 1.67] | 5 studies · 252 participants | Very low |
Family therapy vs psychological interventions Remission at long‐term Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.91, 1.28] | 4 studies · 200 participants | Very low |
Family therapy vs psychological interventions All‐cause mortality ‐ long‐term outcome Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Family therapy vs educational interventions Remission at long‐term Family therapy approaches for anorexia nervosa (2019) · Cochrane | RR 9 [0.53, 153.79] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care PTSD diagnosis: post‐treatment · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.32] | 5 studies · 556 participants | Very low |
Any early psychological intervention vs active control condition Severity of depressive symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 409 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs active control condition Severity of anxiety symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 414 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs active control condition General functioning: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 239 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care PTSD diagnosis: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.41, 0.93] | 5 studies · 758 participants | Low |