Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

510 questions · 513 findings · 62 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 96 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 13 · 2.5%Very low 181 · 35.3%Low 121 · 23.6%Moderate 69 · 13.5%High 33 · 6.4%

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.06 [0.01, 0.25]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.04, 0.44]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.09 [0.04, 0.22]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.11 [0.05, 0.23]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Serious adverse events · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 12008 participants
GRADE not reported

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose1) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.54 [1.69, 3.62]
1 study · 12008 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher fever after Vi‐rEPA (dose2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.39 [2.85, 6.77]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Erythema · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) showed no clear difference in erythema after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.01 [0.19, 22.21]
1 study · 11091 participants
Low

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 20.15 [2.71, 150.08]
1 study · 11091 participants
Moderate

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.44 [0.25, 0.76]
3 studies · 76296 participants
Moderate

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children aged 5 years of age and older

Ty21a vaccine (three doses) probably leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.39, 0.65]
4 studies · 235239 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 1 Blood culture compared with control (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.26, 0.37]
3 studies · 99797 participants
High

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) probably leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever – year 2 compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.31, 0.55]
4 studies · 194969 participants
Moderate

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cases of typhoid fever, Year 3 · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower incidence of typhoid fever –year 3 compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.5 [0.32, 0.78]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) may leads to lower cumulative cases of typhoid fever at 2.5 to 3 years compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.45 [0.3, 0.7]
1 study · 11384 participants
Low

Vi polysaccharide vaccine (1 dose) vs control

Serious adverse events · adults and children of 2 years of age and older

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Influenza‐like illness · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.65, 0.79]
4 studies · 19044 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Otitis media · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

Inactivated influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in otitis media assessed by clinical confirmation (inspection of ear… compared with placebo or do nothing (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.95, 1.4]
3 studies · 884 participants
Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Absence from school · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

It is very uncertain whether inactivated influenza vaccine changes absence from school compared with placebo or do nothing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.46 [0.17, 1.22]
1 study · 254 participants
Very low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Number of parents having to take off work during · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Hospitalisation ‐ not reported · healthy, community‐dwelling children older than 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found