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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
271 questions in 11 reviews · Temporomandibular disorders and sleep
current versionsNo studies 70 · 25.8%Ungraded 160 · 59%Very low 29 · 10.7%Low 12 · 4.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Discomfort · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 3 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs No treatment or placebo (non-occlusal or transparent-foil placebo splint) Self-reported joint pain when chewing · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (10 weeks), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [0.94, 3.75] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Participant satisfaction or quality of life · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (3 months), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -2.29 [-3.13, -1.45] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Somatisation · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term, Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.18 [-0.45, 0.09] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Behavioural therapy (counselling, CBT, relaxation, self-care management) Discomfort · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 4 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Discomfort · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 2 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Occlusal splint vs Behavioural therapy (counselling, CBT, relaxation, self-care management) Participant satisfaction or quality of life · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (1 month), Mixed TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -1.42 [-15.78, 12.94] | 2 studies · 73 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs No treatment or placebo (non-occlusal or transparent-foil placebo splint) Muscle pain at rest · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (mean 2 months), Myofascial pain TMD Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -11.63 [-29.37, 6.11] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Occlusal splint vs Physical therapy (ultrasound, exercise, sensorimotor training, laser, TENS, manual therapy) Range of mandibular motion · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) · Short term (3 months), Disc displacement with reduction (DDwR) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | MD -0.33 [-3.31, 2.65] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Another occlusal splint with a different mechanism of action Muscle pain at rest · People with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) Occlusal interventions for managing temporomandibular disorders (2024) · Cochrane | Listed in Summary of findings 2 as 'Not reported'; this outcome was not reported by any included study for this comparison. | 0 studies | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Quality of life · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured (not synthesised for this comparison; review-wide only one study reported quality of life). | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Pain intensity at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.03 [-0.21, 0.28] | 5 studies · 509 participants | Low |
Relaxation vs Occlusal (oral) appliance Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion, Adolescents (12-19 years) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Not pooled. Wahlund 2015: MD 3.70 (95% CI -1.21 to 8.61), n=57 (relaxation 28, appliance 29); Wahlund 2003: MD not reported, n=83 (relaxation 41, appliance 42). Both studies were in adolescents; the occlusal appliance… | 2 studies · 140 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Psychological distress at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.51, -0.13] | 6 studies · 516 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Only 1 study reported adverse events as an outcome (Litt 2010): it found worsening symptoms in 13 people treated with an oral splint (as part of standard treatment) and 4 people treated with CBT. | 1 study · 101 participants | Very low |
Hope-based intervention vs Pain education Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-13.52, 13.72] | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Relaxation Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Abrahamsen 2011: one participant who received hypnosis was admitted to a psychiatric hospital during the intervention; per study authors this was unrelated to the study treatment. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Additional physical symptoms · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured (not synthesised for this comparison; review-wide only one study reported additional physical symptoms). | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Quality of life · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured for this comparison. | NR | No studies |
Mindfulness plus medication vs Medication alone Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Shevtsova 2020: data could not be combined; both groups achieved at least a 30% reduction in pain from baseline at treatment completion and follow-up (Table 1). No between-group MD reported. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Disability caused by pain at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.15 [-0.40, 0.10] | 3 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Relaxation vs Occlusal (oral) appliance Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Adolescents (12-19 years) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Wahlund 2015: reported no adverse treatment effects from treatment with an occlusal appliance or with relaxation therapy. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain intensity at follow-up (12 months) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up (12 months) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.30 [-0.51, -0.09] | 6 studies · 639 participants | Low |
Hypnosis vs Relaxation Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Not pooled (clinical heterogeneity). Abrahamsen 2011: MD -1.00 (95% CI -2.27 to 0.27), n=38 (hypnosis 19, relaxation 19); Stam 1984: MD not reported, n=27 (hypnosis 12, relaxation 15). | 2 studies · 65 participants | Ungraded |
Habit reversal treatment vs Waiting-list control Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -1.31 [-1.97, -0.65] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Education vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; education arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Disability caused by pain at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.15 [-0.42, 0.12] | 3 studies · 245 participants | Low |
CBT plus hypnosis (combined package) vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.32 [-3.52, -1.12] | 1 study · 59 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain disability at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.02 [-0.21, 0.24] | 3 studies · 315 participants | Low |
Counselling (non-directive) vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; counselling arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Psychological distress at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -1.02 [-4.02, 1.98] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Pain intensity at follow-up (6-12 months) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up (6-12 months) Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.29 [-0.50, -0.08] | 5 studies · 475 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Psychological distress at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | MD 2.36 [-1.17, 5.89] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Adverse events · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SoF: 3 studies reported minor adverse events in the control group; 1 study reported minor adverse events in psychological therapy group; 1 study reported that there were no adverse events. Results: NCT00066937 minor… | 5 studies | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain intensity at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.09 [-0.30, 0.12] | 6 studies · 577 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain disability at follow-up · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Follow-up Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.01 [-0.61, 0.64] | 2 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Additional physical symptoms · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | This outcome was not measured for this comparison. | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Alternative (active) treatment (e.g. oral splint, medication, self-care or disease management) Psychological distress at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD -0.32 [-0.50, -0.15] | 6 studies · 553 participants | Low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Reduction of apnoea to less than one episode per hour (polysomnography) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | It proved impossible to know how many patients had apnoea index < 1 (primary outcome). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: thirstiness in the morning (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.02, 1.22] | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Signs and symptoms of atypical swallowing and speech production disturbance · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Reduction of apnoea episodes (apnoea-hypopnoea index) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.20, 0.76] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Nocturnal symptom: nightmares (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.01, 4.93] | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Alteration of growth pattern (cephalometric data or facial analysis) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: tiredness (Brouillette questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.06, 1.05] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Nocturnal symptom: habitual snoring (questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.06, 0.55] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Side effects and tolerability (patient self report) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | Tolerability: 73.7% fitted with oral appliance (14/19 children) tolerated the treatment well and 26.3% (five children) discontinued therapy. Side effects: the included study did not assess this outcome. | 1 study · 19 participants | Ungraded |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: sleepiness (Brouillette questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.11, 3.78] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Change of the arch perimeter (plaster models) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included study did not assess this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs Placebo or no treatment Daytime symptom: irritability (Brouillette questionnaire) · Children with obstructive sleep apnoea (aged 15 years or younger) · 6 months Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.07, 1.41] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |