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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Mental state: overall: average endpoint score – end of treatment (PANSS total) · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1036 participants | Low |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Days in hospital · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Quality of life: clinically important change – as defined by individual studies. · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Group cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis vs standard care Functioning: overall: global assessment of functioning – average endpoint score – end of treatment (GAF) · people with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (group) for schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 254 participants | Moderate |
Risperidone vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Clinically important change in positive symptoms · schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Risperidone vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Clinically important change in negative symptoms · schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Risperidone vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Clinically important change in catatonic symptoms · schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Risperidone vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Clinically important adverse drug‐induced movement disorder effects on the central nervous system (EPS, NMS, MC) · schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Risperidone vs electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Clinically important adverse effects other than central nervous system or EPS · schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Ungraded |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Weight: clinically important change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Weight: clinically important change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Weight: average endpoint/change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 79 participants | Very low |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Leaving the study early: for any reason · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.72, 1.57] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Low |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Compliance with treatment · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Reports of nausea · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.34, 3.68] | 1 study · 175 participants | Low |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Weight: clinically important change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Weight: average endpoint/change in body weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Weight: clinically important change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Weight: average endpoint/change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Leaving the study early: for any reason · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.56, 1.94] | 3 studies · 115 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Weight: average endpoint/change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 131 participants | Low |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Compliance with treatment · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Monoamine modulators vs placebo Reports of nausea · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Weight: clinically important change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Weight: average endpoint/change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 168 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Weight: clinically important change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Weight: average endpoint/change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Leaving the study early: for any reason · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.85, 1.41] | 2 studies · 132 participants | Low |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Compliance with treatment · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Topiramate vs placebo or no treatment Reports of nausea · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.26, 5.44] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Weight: clinically important change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Weight Average endpoint/change in BMI (kg/m2) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 227 participants | Low |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Leaving the study early: for any reason · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.25, 4.13] | 4 studies · 137 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Compliance with treatment · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Metformin vs placebo or no treatment Reports of nausea · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [0.28, 19.95] | 2 studies · 69 participants | Low |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Weight: clinically important change in weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
H2 antagonists vs placebo Weight: average endpoint/change in body weight (kg) · people with schizophrenia with antipsychotic‐induced weight gain Pharmacological interventions for prevention of weight gain in people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 248 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Quality of life: clinically important change ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Service use – readmission to hospital – total · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.25, 2.24] | 1 study · 127 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Adverse effects – leaving the study early due to adverse effects – overall tolerability – total · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 4.37 [0.77, 24.88] | 3 studies · 176 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Functioning – mean endpoint score GAF (high = good) – total · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Global state: relapse/exacerbations of psychosis ‐ not reported · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Leaving the study early due to any reason – overall acceptability (totals of time points combined) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.29, 0.68] | 5 studies · 319 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuation vs reduction of polypharmacy Adverse effects: ≥ 1 adverse effect – total · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic polypharmacy reduction versus polypharmacy continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.28, 88.53] | 1 study · 14 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Quality of life ‐ mean change/endpoint all available scales (combined scales and time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 719 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Service use ‐ readmission to hospital (combined time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [0.84, 2.81] | 9 studies · 1433 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Adverse effect ‐ leaving the study early due to adverse effects ‐ overall tolerability (combined time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [1.39, 3.49] | 10 studies · 1340 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Functioning ‐ mean endpoint/change all available scales (combined scales and time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 966 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Global state ‐ number of participants with relapse/exacerbations of psychosis (combined time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.16 [1.52, 3.06] | 20 studies · 2481 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Leaving the study early ‐ for any reason ‐ overall acceptability (combined time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1.05, 1.81] | 12 studies · 1551 participants | Moderate |