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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.39 [0.19, 0.79] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Azathioprine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 54 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 6.26 [0.67, 58.05] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.38 [0.46, 4.15] | 1 study · 1326 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.55 [1.4, 4.63] | 1 study · 600 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 91 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.47, 0.79] | 2 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.35 [0.94, 1.95] | 2 studies · 2300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.84 [1.31, 2.57] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 [1.02, 2.14] | 4 studies · 2419 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.49 [0.37, 16.5] | 3 studies · 243 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 3.02 [0.27, 33.65] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2.27 [1.05, 4.91] | 1 study · 372 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.48 [0.99, 2.2] | 1 study · 2 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.46 [1, 2.15] | 3 studies · 3457 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 3.58 [1.47, 8.73] | 1 study · 1512 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.57 [0.81, 3.05] | 1 study · 939 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.78, 2.6] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.42, 1.6] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 2 [1.05, 3.81] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.95] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 5.04 [2.15, 11.82] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.82 [1.19, 2.79] | 2 studies · 2253 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Intervention (no. of studies/participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Alemtuzumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.52 [0.94, 2.48] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Cladribine (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1326 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.39 [0.8, 2.4] | 1 study · 1326 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.9 [1.21, 2.99] | 1 study · 600 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.33] | 1 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.04 [0.71, 1.52] | 2 studies · 2300 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.86 [0.64, 1.13] | 2 studies · 2355 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 2371 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.68, 1.28] | 3 studies · 2371 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.92 [0.55, 1.54] | 1 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Rebif, Avonex) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 897 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.21 [0.88, 1.67] | 1 study · 897 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.25 [0.92, 1.7] | 3 studies · 3457 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.08 [0.59, 1.96] | 1 study · 1512 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 53 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 0.89 [0.02, 47.22] | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [0.73, 2.09] | 1 study · 939 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.58, 1.72] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 560 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins,… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.68, 0.85] | 1 study · 560 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.52 [0.89, 2.57] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.5 [0.85, 2.64] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.24 [0.66, 2.35] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.81, 1.64] | 2 studies · 2253 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer… Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Relapse‐free survival · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.31 [0.18, 0.53] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Change in disability Assessed by: EDSS · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a New or enlarging T2‐hyperintense lesions · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Dropouts · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.01, 0.57] | 1 study · 215 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Sustained disease progression‐free survival · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.25 [0.11, 0.56] | 1 study · 223 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Adverse events, including serious events Assessed by: number of participants with ≥ 1 event · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.98, 1.02] | 1 study · 224 participants | Low |