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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
535 questions in 56 reviews · Hypertension
current versionsNo studies 37 · 6.9%Ungraded 34 · 6.4%Very low 91 · 17%Low 161 · 30.1%Moderate 136 · 25.4%High 76 · 14.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
CCBs vs ACE inhibitor Congestive heart failure · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [1.06, 1.28] | 5 studies · 25276 participants | Low |
CCBs vs ACE inhibitor Cardiovascular mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.89, 1.07] | 6 studies · 27619 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs ARB All‐cause mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.92, 1.08] | 6 studies · 25611 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs ARB Myocardial infarction · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.72, 0.94] | 6 studies · 25611 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs ARB Stroke · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.76, 1] | 6 studies · 25611 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs ARB Congestive heart failure · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [1.06, 1.36] | 5 studies · 23265 participants | Low |
CCBs vs diuretic Myocardial infarction · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.92, 1.08] | 5 studies · 34072 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs ARB Cardiovascular mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.54, 1.15] | 3 studies · 4642 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs diuretic Stroke · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.84, 1.05] | 5 studies · 34072 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs diuretic Congestive heart failure · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [1.25, 1.51] | 5 studies · 34072 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs diuretic Cardiovascular mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.93, 1.12] | 4 studies · 32721 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs β‐blocker All‐cause mortality · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.88, 1] | 4 studies · 44825 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs β‐blocker Myocardial infarction · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.79, 1.02] | 3 studies · 22249 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs β‐blocker Stroke · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.67, 0.88] | 3 studies · 22249 participants | Moderate |
CCBs vs β‐blocker Congestive heart failure · patients with hypertension Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.67, 1.04] | 2 studies · 19915 participants | Low |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 3140 participants | High |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Diastolic blood pressure (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 3039 participants | High |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure. Dose less than 1000 mg a day (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 302 participants | Moderate |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure. Dose between 1000 mg a day and less than 1500 mg a day (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2488 participants | High |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure. Dose 1500 mg a day or more (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 350 participants | Moderate |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure. Less than 35 years of age (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 452 participants | Moderate |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Systolic blood pressure. 35 years or older (range of · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2688 participants | High |
Calcium supplementation/fortification vs control Adverse events (secondary outcome) · People who may be at risk for primary hypertension Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets Total mortality · cardiovascular disease with high blood pressure Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.91, 1.23] | 7 studies · 9595 participants | Moderate |
Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets Total serious adverse events · cardiovascular disease with high blood pressure Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.08] | 7 studies · 9595 participants | Low |
Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets Total cardiovascular events · cardiovascular disease with high blood pressure Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.8, 1] | 7 studies · 9595 participants | Low |
Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets Cardiovascular mortality · cardiovascular disease with high blood pressure Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.29] | 6 studies · 9484 participants | Moderate |
Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets Participant withdrawals due to adverse effects · cardiovascular disease with high blood pressure Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | RR 8.16 [2.06, 32.28] | 3 studies · 801 participants | Very low |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term (follow-up 2 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis and hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -8.40 [-12.19, -4.61] | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term (follow-up 12 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.2 [-3.02, 2.62] | 1 study · 168 participants | Low |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis and other cardiovascular diseases except hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -1.85 [-2.41, -1.29] | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Proportion of participants diagnosed with hypertension at trial completion · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | No included study in this comparison reported the proportion of participants diagnosed with hypertension at trial completion. | NR | No studies |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.48 [0.67, 2.29] | 1 study · 120 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Adverse events (participants with adverse events or withdrawals due to adverse events) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | SoF 2 (Adverse effects): 3 studies reported no adverse effects. 328 (3 studies); Moderate. | 3 studies · 328 participants | Moderate |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term (follow-up 12 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.14 [-4.4, 4.68] | 1 study · 168 participants | Low |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Heart rate · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | Heart rate was reported only by Higashi 2009 (periodontal treatment vs no treatment); no study in the intensive-treatment vs supra-gingival-scaling comparison reported heart rate. | NR | No studies |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term (follow-up 2-3 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.15 [-2.47, 2.17] | 2 studies · 294 participants | Low |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Pocket probing depth (PPD) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis and other cardiovascular diseases except hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -1.94 [-2.35, -1.53] | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term (follow-up 2-3 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -2.08 [-4.84, 0.68] | 2 studies · 227 participants | Low |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Plasma level of IL-6 (pg/mL) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term, People diagnosed with periodontitis and hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -6.00 [-12.68, 0.68] | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Plasma level of hs-CRP (mg/L) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis and other cardiovascular diseases except hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.72 [-1.74, 0.30] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.25 [-1.30, 0.80] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Short term (follow-up 2 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis and hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -11.2 [-15.4, -7.0] | 1 study · 101 participants | Moderate |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Plasma level of hs-CRP (mg/L) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -0.16 [-2.15, 1.83] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Pocket probing depth (PPD) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -18.90 [-26.34, -11.46] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Proportion of participants diagnosed with hypertension at trial completion · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | No included study reported the proportion of participants diagnosed with hypertension at trial completion. | NR | No studies |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Endothelial function (endothelial microparticles) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -565.52 [-806.04, -325.00] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP, mmHg) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term (follow-up 6 months), People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -4.96 [-13.04, 3.13] | 2 studies · 227 participants | Very low |
Intensive periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs Supra-gingival scaling Clinical attachment level (CAL) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD -9.38 [-15.85, -2.91] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Periodontal treatment (subgingival SRP with or without other periodontal treatment) vs No treatment (no periodontal treatment) Plasma level of hs-CRP (mg/L) · Adults (any age/sex) with chronic periodontitis (>=5 teeth remaining; PPD >4 mm), with or without hypertension · Long term, People diagnosed with periodontitis Effect of periodontal treatments on blood pressure (2021) · Cochrane | MD 1.19 [-0.55, 2.93] | 1 study · 168 participants | Ungraded |