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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

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Review versions

775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma

current versions

No studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Number of people who experienced 1 or more hospitalisations following a fall · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Rate of falls requiring medical attention · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	0.93 [0.48, 1.82]	1 study · 276 participants	Very low
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Health‐related quality of life 1 trial of single‐lens glasses compared with usual glasses (multifocals) reported this outcome using the SF‐12 (range 0 to 100). Higher scores indicate better quality of life. · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	MD 0.4	1 study · 597 participants	Low
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Adverse events Falls while switching glasses · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.98, 1.02]	1 study · 597 participants	Low
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 0.63 [0.37, 1.07]	1 study · 110 participants	Very low
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.64, 1.11]	1 study · 110 participants	Very low
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more fall‐related fractures · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]	1 study · 110 participants	Low
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls requiring hospitalisation · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls requiring medical attention · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.89 [0.82, 0.97]	12 studies · 5253 participants	Moderate
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Health‐related quality of life · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Education interventions vs control (e.g. usual care) Adverse events · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more fall‐related fractures · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.98, 1.02]	2 studies · 1668 participants	Very low
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls that resulted in hospital admission · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06]	3 studies · 325 participants	Low
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Falls requiring medical attention Rate of falls requiring medical attention · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	0.91 [0.58, 1.43]	3 studies · 946 participants	Low
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Health‐related quality of life SMD was calculated from 4 studies with EQ‐5D (range 0 to 1), 1 study with SF‐36, and 1 study with WHOQOL‐BREF (range 0 to 100). Higher scores indicate better quality of life. · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	SMD 0.09	6 studies · 1848 participants	Moderate
Home fall‐hazard reduction vs control (e.g. usual care) Adverse events · older people living in the community (included trials conducting pre‐ and/or post‐hospital discharge home visits… Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 73 participants	Low
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Rate of falls (falls per person‐years) · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	Rate ratio 1.12 [0.84, 1.5]	3 studies · 1489 participants	Low
Assistive technology for vision improvement interventions vs usual care or attention control Number of people who experienced 1 or more falls · older people living in the community Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community (2023) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.79, 1.5]	3 studies · 1489 participants	Low
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) FoF (immediate postintervention)a · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 2357 participants	Moderate
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) FoF (sustainability of effects, up to 6 months' postintervention) · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	8 studies · 1784 participants	Low
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) FoF (sustainability of effects, > 6 months' postintervention) · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	5 studies · 1185 participants	Moderate
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) Activity avoidance · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 312 participants	Low
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) Occurrence of falls · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.66, 1.39]	5 studies · 1119 participants	Very low
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) Depression · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 314 participants	Low
CBT interventions (CBT with and without exercise) vs control (standard care or sham treatments) Adverse effects · older adults (mean age minus 1 standard deviation is more than 60 years) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with and without exercise to reduce fear of falling in older people… (2023) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Activities of daily living (ADL), early (≤ 4 months): using LEM (range from 0 to 100), FIM (range from 0 to 100), JOA (range from 0 to 20); higher scores indicate better performance in ADL · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 509 participants	Very low
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Delirium (at end of · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.22 [0.67, 2.22]	5 studies · 1310 participants	Low
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Functional status, early (≤ 4 months): using Zűckerman functional recovery score (0 to 44), and 100‐point functional recovery scale; in both scales, higher scores indicate better function · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	SMD 0.02	2 studies · 188 participants	Low
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Health‐related quality of life, early (≤ 4 months) · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Mobility (≤ 4 months): assessed as number of participants with independent mobility · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [1.01, 1.23]	7 studies · 719 participants	Very low
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Mortality, early (≤ 4 months) · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.79, 1.18]	30 studies · 4603 participants	Moderate
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Mortality at 12 months · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.08]	47 studies · 7618 participants	Moderate
Cephalomedullary nails vs extramedullary implants Unplanned return to theatre (at end of · older adults with stable or unstable extracapsular hip fractures Cephalomedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in older adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.15 [0.89, 1.5]	50 studies · 8398 participants	Low
Early vs delayed mobilisation Self‐reported shoulder function: Croft Shoulder Disability Score (1 or more problems) · adults with minimally displaced or displaced (2‐part or 3‐part) proximal humeral fractures treated non‐surgically (5… Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.4, 0.88]	1 study · 82 participants	Very low
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Functional scoresf(higher = better outcome) · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	SMD 0.06	5 studies · 423 participants	High
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Quality of life: EQ‐5D (0: dead to 1: best quality of life) · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	MD 0.01	6 studies · 502 participants	High
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Mortality · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.35 [0.7, 2.62]	8 studies · 646 participants	Low
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Additional surgery (reoperation or secondary surgery) · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 2.06 [1.21, 3.51]	9 studies · 667 participants	Low
Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment Adverse events / complications ‐ Number of participants with complications · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.46 [0.92, 2.31]	3 studies · 391 participants	Low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Self‐reported shoulder function: functional scoresb(higher = better outcome) · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	SMD 0.15	4 studies · 227 participants	Low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Self‐reported shoulder function: DASH (0 to 100: higher = worse disability)b · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 174 participants	Low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Self‐reported shoulder function: ASES (0 to 100: best outcome)b · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 101 participants	Low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Quality of life: SF‐36 (0 to 100: best outcome) · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 53 participants	Very low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Mortality · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 176 participants	Very low
Early vs delayed mobilisation Self‐reported shoulder function: DASH(0 to 100: worst outcome) · adults with minimally displaced or displaced (2‐part or 3‐part) proximal humeral fractures treated non‐surgically (5… Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 50 participants	Very low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Adverse events: number of participants with complications · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.7, 1.75]	4 studies · 250 participants	Very low
Locking plate vs locking intramedullary nail Additional surgery (reoperation or secondary surgery) · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (4 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.33, 1.61]	3 studies · 193 participants	Very low
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) vs hemiarthroplasty Self‐reported shoulder function: % of normal shoulder function based on WOOS score (higher = better outcome) · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (2 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 65 participants	Very low
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) vs hemiarthroplasty Self‐reported shoulder function · adults undergoing surgery for displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (2 trials) Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults (2022) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies