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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
342 questions in 11 reviews · Pain control and patient management
current versionsNo studies 158 · 46.2%Ungraded 53 · 15.5%Very low 87 · 25.4%Low 30 · 8.8%Moderate 10 · 2.9%High 4 · 1.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain (SEM scale; any pain vs no pain) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.04, 0.34] | 1 study · 134 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain-related behaviour (any disruptive behaviour; modified Wong-Baker Faces Scale) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.06 [0.01, 0.11] | 1 study · 112 participants | Very low |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Pain on injection (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, after inferior alveolar block) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA, VR box vs conventional Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.04 [-0.41, 0.48] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Pain on injection (self-reported; FACES Pain Scale Revised) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.68 [-1.31, 2.67] | 1 study · 112 participants | Ungraded |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture at P6 point vs Sham acupuncture Reduction in gagging (assessor-reported – treatment effectiveness) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… · Stage 1 (empty impression tray try-in) Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | MD 0.40 [-0.12, 0.93] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Acupressure at P6 point with thumb vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.50, 1.46] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture at P6 point vs Sham acupuncture Successful completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.05, 3.01] | 2 studies · 59 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with sea band plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with sea band vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with device plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Reduction in gagging (patient-reported) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.93, 1.69] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with thumb plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Reduction in gagging (patient-reported) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.92, 1.23] | 1 study · 39 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture at P6 point vs Sham acupuncture Reduction in gagging (patient-reported – ordinal converted to dichotomous) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.57 [1.12, 5.89] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with device plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.90, 1.48] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Laser (low-level laser) at P6 point vs Control (sham/dummy laser) Completion of dental treatment · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupuncture at P6 point vs Sham acupuncture Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: 33 participants (1 RCT, Zotelli 2014); very low certainty. The trial authors were unsure whether the reported adverse events (one control participant reported increased sweating) were due to… | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with sea band plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported presence or absence of gagging. | 0 studies | No studies |
Laser (low-level laser) at P6 point vs Control (sham/dummy laser) Reduction in gagging (assessor-reported) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | MD 1.80 [1.53, 2.07] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with device vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.63 [1.33, 5.18] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with device vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with device plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with thumb plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported presence or absence of gagging. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with device plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported presence or absence of gagging. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with device vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Reduction in gagging (patient-reported) · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.94 [1.63, 9.53] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Laser (low-level laser) at P6 point vs Control (sham/dummy laser) Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: none of the trials reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupuncture at P6 point with sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupuncture with sedation Completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.91, 1.28] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with thumb plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Adverse effects · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported adverse effects. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with thumb vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported presence or absence of gagging. | 0 studies | No studies |
Acupressure at P6 point with sea band vs Sham (dummy) acupressure Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | None of the trials comparing acupressure with thumb, device or sea band to sham acupressure with or without sedation reported presence or absence of gagging. | 0 studies | No studies |
Laser (low-level laser) at P6 point vs Control (sham/dummy laser) Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | OR 86.33 [29.41, 253.45] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Acupressure at P6 point with sea band plus sedation vs Sham (dummy) acupressure with sedation Completion of dental procedure · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.17] | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture at P6 point vs Sham acupuncture Presence or absence of gagging · People (older than four years) classified as having gagging that interfered with dental treatment; included trials… Management of gag reflex for patients undergoing dental treatment (2019) · Cochrane | Presence or absence of gagging: none of the trials reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |