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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
342 questions in 11 reviews · Pain control and patient management
current versionsNo studies 158 · 46.2%Ungraded 53 · 15.5%Very low 87 · 25.4%Low 30 · 8.8%Moderate 10 · 2.9%High 4 · 1.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Pre- and post-operative anxiety measures (Venham's scale) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.13 [-0.37, 0.63] | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Physical/verbal resistance and self-reported pain during LA (other studies) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA, Oberoi 2016 (resistance) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.34, 0.65] | 1 study · 200 participants | Ungraded |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain-related behaviour (any disruptive behaviour/sudden reaction/movement) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | pain-related behaviour (any disruptive behaviour/sudden reaction/movement); 4 studies reported a benefit in using the wand while the remaining studies results suggested no difference between the 2 methods of delivering… | 6 studies · 704 participants | Very low |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: anxiety/pain experience (VAS, higher scores indicate worsened anxiety) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -37.16 [-50.94, -23.38] | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA (SEM scale, distress) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | No numeric data reported. Study authors reported lower distress values (SEM scale) for all categories in the combined counter-stimulation and distraction group; this difference was significant when compared to the… | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Sleeper One (electronic LA delivery system) Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation for LA vs Oral hygiene video Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain (modified objective pain score, mOPS; VAS 0 to 10) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.79 [-3.01, -0.57] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Counter-stimulation and distraction (combined) vs Conventional treatment Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain (Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale, 0 to 10) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -1.34 [-2.35, -0.33] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Pain perception during the intervention (pooled) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.83, 1.59] | 2 studies · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Pre- and post-operative anxiety measures (Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale: faces, MCDAS(f), after LA) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA, Audiovisual glasses vs conventional Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -12.60 [-15.33, -9.87] | 1 study | Ungraded |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Hypnosis vs Conventional treatment Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain-related behaviour during LA (negative vs positive behaviour; Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.50] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
The wand (computer-controlled LA delivery system) vs Traditional local anaesthetic Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain-related behaviour (crying) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.02 [0.00, 0.37] | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain (SEM scale - Sound, Eyes, and Motor scale) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | pain (SEM scale); risk with conventional treatment -, risk with pre-cooling -; 160 (1 RCT); VERY LOW. Evidence is uncertain regarding the effect of pre-cooling of the injection site on pain (data presented in a form… | 1 study · 160 participants | Very low |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Successful LA/painless treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Successful LA/painless treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Completion of dental treatment · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Completion of dental treatment: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Electrical counter-stimulation device (DentalVibe) vs Conventional treatment (no stimulation) Patient satisfaction: measured by questionnaires · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Patient satisfaction: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Counter-stimulation or distraction vs Conventional treatment Pain on injection (Wong-Baker Faces / TPPPS / FPS-R, after LA) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before or during LA, Kamath 2013 (WITAUL) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD -3.18 [-4.26, -2.10] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Pre-cooling of the injection site vs Conventional treatment Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · Immediately before LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Video modelling acclimatisation vs Acclimatisation in clinic (tell-show-do) Self- or observational assessment of intraoperative distress/pain/acceptance of treatment during provision of LA: pain-related behaviour/co-operation (Frankl scale) · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · In advance of LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.01 [-0.33, 0.35] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Camouflage syringe vs Conventional syringe Acceptance of LA · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA (injection is the intervention) Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Acceptance of LA: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |
Audiovisual distraction vs Conventional treatment Adverse effects · Children and adolescents having dental treatment under local anaesthetic without general anaesthesia · During LA Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental… (2020) · Cochrane | Adverse effects: included studies did not report on this outcome | NR | No studies |