What do systematic reviews say?

Nd:YAG laser vs no treatment/sham

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Luliconazole 5% solution vs vehicle

It is very uncertain whether luliconazole 5% solution changes complete cure: 48 weeks compared with vehicle (very low certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.96 [1.18, 7.41]
  1 study · 293 participants
  Very low

Luliconazole 5% solution vs vehicle

Luliconazole 5% solution showed no clear difference in adverse events (collected over the course of the studies; they are… compared with vehicle (low certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.9, 1.16]
  1 study · 293 participants
  Low

Luliconazole 5% solution vs vehicle

Luliconazole 5% solution showed no clear difference in mycological cure: 48 weeks compared with vehicle (low certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.39 [0.98, 1.97]
  1 study · 293 participants
  Low

Luliconazole 5% solution vs vehicle

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ciclopirox 8% lacquer vs vehicle

Ciclopirox 8% lacquer probably leads to higher mycological cure: 48 weeks compared with vehicle (moderate certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.15 [1.93, 5.12]
  2 studies · 460 participants
  Moderate

Ciclopirox 8% lacquer vs vehicle

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Efinaconazole 10% solution vs vehicle

Efinaconazole 10% solution leads to higher complete cure: 40 to 52 weeks compared with vehicle (high certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.54 [2.24, 5.6]
  3 studies · 1716 participants
  High

Efinaconazole 10% solution vs vehicle

Efinaconazole 10% solution leads to higher adverse events (collected over the course of the studies; they are… compared with vehicle (high certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.1 [1.01, 1.2]
  3 studies · 1701 participants
  High

Efinaconazole 10% solution vs vehicle

Efinaconazole 10% solution probably leads to higher mycological cure: 40 to 52 weeks compared with vehicle (moderate certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.31 [1.08, 4.94]
  3 studies · 1716 participants
  Moderate

Efinaconazole 10% solution vs vehicle

Efinaconazole 10% solution leads to higher clinical cure: 40 to 52 weeks compared with vehicle (high certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.07 [2.08, 4.53]
  2 studies · 1655 participants
  High

Tavaborole 5% solution vs vehicle

Tavaborole 5% solution probably leads to higher complete cure: 52 weeks compared with vehicle (moderate certainty).

• Topical and device‐based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.4 [2.71, 20.24]
  2 studies · 1198 participants
  Moderate

Steroids vs vitamin D

Steroid probably leads to higher number of participants achieving 'clearance' by IGA compared with vitamin D (moderate certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.82 [1.52, 2.18]
  4 studies · 2180 participants
  Moderate

Steroid plus vitamin D vs steroids

Steroid plus vitamin D leads to higher number of participants achieving 'response' by PGA compared with steroid (high certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [1.06, 1.2]
  2 studies · 2226 participants
  High

Steroid plus vitamin D vs vitamin D

Steroid plus vitamin D leads to higher number of participants achieving 'clearance' by IGA compared with vitamin D (high certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.28 [1.87, 2.78]
  4 studies · 2008 participants
  High

Steroid plus vitamin D vs vitamin D

Steroid plus vitamin D probably leads to higher number of participants achieving 'response' by IGA compared with vitamin D (moderate certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.31 [1.75, 3.04]
  4 studies · 2222 participants
  Moderate

Steroid plus vitamin D vs vitamin D

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Steroid plus vitamin D vs vitamin D

Steroid plus vitamin D leads to lower number of participants withdrawing due to adverse events compared with vitamin D (high certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.19 [0.11, 0.36]
  3 studies · 1970 participants
  High

Steroid plus vitamin D vs vitamin D

Steroid plus vitamin D probably leads to higher number of participants achieving 'response' by PGA compared with vitamin D (moderate certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.76 [1.46, 2.12]
  4 studies · 2222 participants
  Moderate

Steroids vs vitamin D

Steroid leads to higher number of participants achieving 'response' by IGA compared with vitamin D (high certainty).

• Topical treatments for scalp psoriasis 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.09 [1.8, 2.41]
  3 studies · 1827 participants
  High