What do systematic reviews say?

Acetaminophen vs control or placebo medications

• Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) (low certainty).

• Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing cardiac surgery 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.25, 0.63]
  12 studies · 2296 participants
  Low

Perioperative beta‐blockers vs placebo or usual care

It is very uncertain whether perioperative beta‐blockers changes ventricular arrhythmias (within 30 days) compared with placebo or standard care (very low certainty).

• Perioperative beta‐blockers for preventing surgery‐related mortality and morbidity in adults undergoing non‐cardiac… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.35, 1.47]
  5 studies · 476 participants
  Very low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -8.98 [-15.17, -2.79]
  5 studies · 162 participants
  Very low

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% prilocaine plain showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.93 [0.75, 1.17]
  2 studies · 60 participants
  Low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.58 [0.33, 1.01]
  2 studies · 134 participants
  Very low

2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine changes success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.12]
  7 studies · 210 participants
  Very low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 10.33 [-22.08, 42.74]
  2 studies · 40 participants
  Very low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.13 [-0.54, 0.80]
  2 studies · 100 participants
  Very low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.61 [0.38, 0.97]
  2 studies · 134 participants
  Very low

3% mepivacaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine

3% mepivacaine plain showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.97 [0.88, 1.07]
  2 studies · 70 participants
  Low

4% articaine plain vs 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine plain changes duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) compared with 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -28.36 [-42.06, -14.65]
  2 studies · 102 participants
  Very low

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.41]
  3 studies · 97 participants
  Very low

2% lidocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 2% lidocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine changes success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.89 [0.63, 1.26]
  3 studies · 70 participants
  Very low

3% mepivacaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine

3% mepivacaine plain showed no clear difference in speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:50,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -0.56 [-1.54, 0.42]
  2 studies · 58 participants
  Low

3% mepivacaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

3% mepivacaine plain showed no clear difference in success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.92 [0.83, 1.02]
  6 studies · 208 participants
  Low

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% prilocaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine showed no clear difference in speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -1.19 [-3.08, 0.70]
  2 studies · 39 participants
  Low

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% prilocaine plain showed no clear difference in speed of onset of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -0.96 [-2.87, 0.95]
  2 studies · 52 participants
  Low

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine may leads to higher success of local anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy… compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  OR 2.71 [1.74, 4.22]
  8 studies · 309 participants
  Low

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

It is very uncertain whether 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine changes duration of anaesthesia (pulpal, electric pulp tester; healthy pulps) compared with 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine (very low certainty).

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 21.87 [-10.96, 54.71]
  3 studies · 52 participants
  Very low