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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

37 questions · 37 findings · 4 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 5 · 13.5%GRADE not reported 2 · 5.4%Very low 6 · 16.2%Low 22 · 59.5%Moderate 2 · 5.4%High 0 · 0%

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

All‐cause mortality · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Bacterial sepsis · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower bacterial sepsis compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Fungal Infection · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower fungal Infection compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Chronic lung disease · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes chronic lung disease compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

Any late‐onset sepsis ‐ All infants [Data on only confirmed sepsis available] · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… may leads to lower any late‐onset sepsis ‐ All infants [Data on only confirmed sepsis… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with probiotics vs placebo

NEC ≥ stage II · prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether lactoferrin supplementation with enteral feeds in combination with… changes NEC ≥ stage II compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in any necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death prior to hospital discharge compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Death or NEC · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in death or NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

NEC‐related surgery during study period · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in surgery for NEC compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of preterm infants vs placebo or no intervention

Neonatal sepsis · preterm infants

Probiotics administered exclusively after birth in mothers of… showed no clear difference in neonatal sepsis compared with maternal placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review