Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

73 questions · 90 findings · 3 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 56 · 62.2%GRADE not reported 1 · 1.1%Very low 26 · 28.9%Low 4 · 4.4%Moderate 3 · 3.3%High 0 · 0%

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Hypotension · procedural pain in neonates

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 88 participants
Very low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 963 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Neonatal mortality · neonates with mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neonatal mortality compared with other analgesics and sedatives (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.16]
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with mechanical ventilation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · neonates with mechanical ventilation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Duration of mechanical ventilation · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1259 participants
Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Neonatal mortality · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Opioids showed no clear difference in neonatal mortality compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.55]
5 studies · 1189 participants
Moderate

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Mortality before hospital discharge · neonates with mechanical ventilation

Opioids showed no clear difference in mortality to discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.52, 1.88]
4 studies · 178 participants
Low

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · neonates with mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2 [0.39, 10.29]
1 study · 78 participants
Very low
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.6 [0.56, 4.56]
1 study · 95 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Pain (PIPP) · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives

Duration of mechanical ventilation · neonates with mechanical ventilation

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 46 participants
Very low

Tramadol vs no treatment or placebo

Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fentanyl vs tramadol

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fentanyl vs tramadol

Cognitive and educational outcomes in children more than five years old · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fentanyl vs tramadol

All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

It is very uncertain whether fentanyl changes all‐cause mortality during initial hospitalization compared with tramadol (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.99 [0.59, 1.64]
1 study · 171 participants
Very low

Fentanyl vs tramadol

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Fentanyl vs tramadol

Severe (grade 3 or greater) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on cranial ultrasound ‐ not reported · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Morphine vs paracetamol

Pain · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Morphine vs paracetamol

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 18 to 24 months CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Morphine vs paracetamol

Major neurodevelopmental disability in children aged 3 to 5 years CA · postoperative pain in preterm and term infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic opioids versus other analgesics and sedatives for postoperative pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found