Sense of control in labour Seven point scale, 29 items range ‘1=almost always’, to ‘7=rarely’ · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether massage changes pain intensity "severe pain reported" compared with music (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Assisted vaginal birth — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Caesarean section — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Use of pharmacological analgesia · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether massage changes use of pharmacological pain relief compared with music (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Length of labour — not reported · women in labour
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Satisfaction with childbirth experience (higher scores indicate more satisfaction) · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour
Massage may leads to higher satisfaction with childbirth experience compared with usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether massage changes assisted vaginal birth compared with usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether massage changes caesarean section compared with usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Use of pharmacological analgesia · women in labour
It is very uncertain whether massage changes use of pharmacological pain relief compared with usual care (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Length of labour (hours) · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity various scales short‐term · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review
Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Short‐term · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review
Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Long‐term · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review