Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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LipiFlow vs thermostatic devices

Mean change from baseline in meibomian gland atrophy scores at 1 to 4 weeks (lower is favored) · people with dry eye

1 finding from 1 review

LipiFlow for the treatment of dry eye disease 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Necrotising enterocolitis · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Slow showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.83, 1.37]
14 studies · 4026 participants
Moderate

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Mortality before hospital discharge · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Slow showed no clear difference in mortality before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.13 [0.91, 1.39]
13 studies · 3860 participants
Moderate

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Feed intolerance · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Slow may leads to higher feed intolerance before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.18
9 studies · 719 participants
Low

Slow vs faster rates of enteral feed advancement

Invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants

Slow showed no clear difference in invasive infection before hospital discharge compared with faster rates of enteral feed advancement (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Slow advancement of enteral feed volumes to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.14 [0.99, 1.31]
11 studies · 3583 participants
Low

Swallowing therapy vs placebo

Swallowing ability · dysphagia in acute and subacute stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Swallowing therapy for dysphagia in acute and subacute stroke 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
26 studies · 1173 participants
Very low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

All‐cause mortality Time point of measurement: 2 months in 1 randomised study; 12 months in 3 randomised studies; 14 months in 1 non‐randomised study · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1289 participants
Moderate

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Physical function · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 422 participants
Very low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Cognitive function · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 622 participants
Very low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Ability to return to work or education (reported at 12 months) · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 386 participants
Very low

ICU follow‐up services vs standard care or no follow‐up service

Adverse effects · adult survivors of the ICU, excluding those already in an existing follow‐up or rehabilitation programme

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Follow‐up services for improving long‐term outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake

LDL‐cholesterol · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol,… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 696 participants
High

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher may leads to lower hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.03, 0.5]
2 studies · 69 participants
Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.88 [0.43, 144.81]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) · preterm or low birth weight infants

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher may leads to lower postnatal growth failure (weight < 10th percentile) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.09, 0.69]
1 study · 29 participants
Low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.07 [0, 1.25]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Chronic lung disease · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes chronic lung disease compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.03 [0.8, 5.2]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether late (seven days or more following birth) higher changes mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.2]
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Late (seven days or more following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72]
3 studies · 83 participants
Low