Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

218 questions · 245 findings · 8 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 127 · 51.8%GRADE not reported 10 · 4.1%Very low 62 · 25.3%Low 33 · 13.5%Moderate 12 · 4.9%High 1 · 0.4%

Specialised professional input interventions vs usual care or no treatment

Number of participants continent after treatment · people with stroke and urinary incontinence

Specialised professional input interventions showed no clear difference in number of participants continent after treatment ‐ three months compared with usual care or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Surgery with excision of failed tape vs surgery without excision of tape

General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables)

General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

One type of repeat midurethral tape vs another type of repeat midurethral tape

General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Any topical skin care product vs another topical skin care product

Number of participants with IAD (new) · adults with urinary incontinence

Any topical skin care product may leads to lower number of participants with IAD (new) (1) Skin cleanser (A) versus… compared with another topical skin care product (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Alarm vs other behavioural interventions

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

Alarm showed no clear difference in proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with other behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review