What do systematic reviews say?

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  356 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1939 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1647 participants
  Moderate

Individual level interventions vs control

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  173 participants
  Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2948 participants
  Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  16 studies · 8885 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1638 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions may leads to lower asthma exacerbations ‐ Number of people with one or more exacerbations compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.32, 0.91]
  6 studies · 678 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

Digital adherence interventions showed no clear difference in unscheduled healthcare utilisation ‐ number of hospital or GP/ED… compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.51, 1.06]
  4 studies · 446 participants
  Low

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 1052 participants
  Moderate

Digital adherence interventions vs usual care

• Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 848 participants
  Moderate

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  18 studies · 4321 participants
  Moderate

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  13 studies · 2071 participants
  Moderate

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

Integrated disease management interventions leads to lower respiratory‐related hospital admissions compared with usual care (high certainty).

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.64 [0.5, 0.81]
  15 studies · 4207 participants
  High

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

Integrated disease management interventions probably leads to lower hospital admissions, all causes compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.75 [0.57, 0.98]
  10 studies · 9030 participants
  Moderate

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 3563 participants
  Moderate

Integrated disease management interventions vs usual care

Integrated disease management interventions probably leads to lower ED visits compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.69 [0.5, 0.93]
  9 studies · 8791 participants
  Moderate