It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes number of exacerbations(as reported by number of hospitalisations… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes participant‐reported symptom score: cough, wheeze and exercise… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes adverse events  compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes change from baseline in FVC (% predicted) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether short‐acting inhaled beta‐2 agonists changes sputum volume (mL) compared with placebo (very low certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in serious adverse events (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 SAEs) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in quality of life as measured by SGRQ total score change from baseline… compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher trough FEV1 change from baseline compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… leads to lower pneumonia compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (high certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… probably leads to higher all‐cause death compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long‐acting… showed no clear difference in SGRQ total score change from baseline (≥ 4 points, MCID) compared with LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) (moderate certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in exacerbations (OCS) compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).
Long‐acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add‐on showed no clear difference in serious adverse events 22 weeks compared with long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABA) add‐on (low certainty).