Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

954 questions · 963 findings · 130 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 181 · 18.8%GRADE not reported 71 · 7.4%Very low 163 · 16.9%Low 311 · 32.3%Moderate 163 · 16.9%High 74 · 7.7%

Summary of findings 1: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab 4‐weekly (monthly) vs sham

Safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 1: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year compared with sham (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 3: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan 4‐weekly (monthly) vs sham

Safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 3: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD… compared with sham; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 3: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan 4‐weekly (monthly) vs sham

Safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 3: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year compared with sham (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 4: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan 8‐weekly (every other month) vs sham

Safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 4: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD… compared with sham; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 4: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan 8‐weekly (every other month) vs sham

Safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 4: Efficacy and safety of IVT pegcetacoplan… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year compared with sham (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 2: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab 6‐ to 8‐weekly (every other month) vs sham

Safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 2: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab 6‐ to… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of macular neovascularisation or exudative AMD… compared with sham (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings 2: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab 6‐ to 8‐weekly (every other month) vs sham

Safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year · adults with GA due to AMD

Summary of findings 2: Efficacy and safety of IVT lampalizumab 6‐ to… showed no clear difference in safety: Development of endophthalmitis at 1 year compared with sham (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Caesarean section ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in caesarean section ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in cord pH less than 7.05 and base deficit greater than 12 mmol/L ‐ ST… compared with CTG alone (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in neonatal encephalopathy ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Instrumental vaginal birth · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… leads to lower operative vaginal delivery ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Neonatal admission to special care · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Any perinatal death after randomisation · Pregnant women (and their fetuses) in labour, with a perceived need for continuous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in perinatal death ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review