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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

39 questions · 45 findings · 6 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 3 · 6.7%Very low 9 · 20%Low 15 · 33.3%Moderate 16 · 35.6%High 2 · 4.4%

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Courses of oral corticosteroids · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations showed no clear difference in courses of oral steroids compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number experiencing adverse effects · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing an AE compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing a serious adverse event compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs other treatments/routine care

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether multi‐component intervention changes exacerbations: number of people experiencing at least one exacerbation compared with other intervention or routine, usual care or control treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

All‐cause mortality · Patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower mortality compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Need for intubation · Patients admitted to hospital with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower need for endotracheal intubation compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review