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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Relief of dysphagia · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vs Antimycotic mouthrinse Time to heal mucositis (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -2.40 [-4.15, -0.65] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Partially absorbed antifungal drug (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole) vs Absorbed antifungal drug (e.g., fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) Outcome NR · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | There were no trials comparing partially absorbed drugs with either absorbed drugs or drugs not absorbed. | 0 studies | No studies |
Subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Plaque · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.20 [-0.24, -0.16] | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Morning radiotherapy vs Afternoon radiotherapy Locoregional control · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 0.92 [0.60, 1.42] | 1 study · 216 participants | Ungraded |
Therapist support (visits) vs Control (treatment as usual) Daily mean opiate intake per hour · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.20 [-4.18, 4.58] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Phosphoric etching (acid) gel vs Mechanical debridement and polishing Change in probing pocket depth · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 5 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.28 [-1.97, 2.53] | 1 study · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Oral cyclobenzaprine (muscle relaxant) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Herman et al 2002 (cyclobenzaprine) reported adverse effects. Per the review's Adverse effects of interventions section: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse… | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.03 [-0.40, 0.45] | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Maximum pain while on medication (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.91 [-2.89, 1.07] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Morphine via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) vs Morphine via continuous infusion (CI) Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -2.49 [-12.28, 7.29] | 3 studies · 113 participants | Ungraded |
Oral naproxen (NSAID) vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.70 [-2.14, -1.25] | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate implants (placed in a fresh extraction socket just after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction, in healed bone) Aesthetics assessed by dentist: position of the perimplant tissues · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | One year after placement, there were no statistically significant differences for the level of the perimplant marginal mucosa in relation to that of the adjacent teeth (Lindeboom 2006). | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Tenderness on palpation of three or more masticatory muscles · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.34, 1.67] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Debridement vs No debridement Days to clinical resolution · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Debridement vs no debridement (Cubukcu 2007): statistically significant benefit for debridement for days to clinical resolution; no numeric estimate reported | 1 study | Ungraded |
Ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Placebo Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 3.61 [1.47, 8.88] | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Triclosan dentifrice vs Sodium fluoride dentifrice Change in probing pocket depth (>=4 mm) · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.30 [-0.06, 0.66] | 1 study · 59 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin E vs Placebo (not a true placebo) Mucositis eradicated · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 6.00 [0.89, 40.31] | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Two allergic reactions and one severe abdominal pain led to three withdrawals from the intervention group in the study by Nguyen et al 2001. | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Morphine via pharmacokinetically based PCA (PKPCA) vs Morphine via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -18.00 [-31.62, -4.38] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Relief of pain · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Oral naproxen (NSAID) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Ta and Dionne 2004 (naproxen) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects… | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Resorbable barrier (guided bone regeneration) vs Non-resorbable barrier (guided bone regeneration) Major complications at the implant/donor site · Patients receiving immediate single implants in fresh extraction sockets (maxillary anterior/premolar sites) · up to 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | Four complications occurred: two dehiscences in the resorbable group; one abscess and one dehiscence in the resorbable + autogenous bone group; none in the non-resorbable group. No statistically significant differences… | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Oral celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor) vs Placebo Adverse events (reported; mild, no withdrawals) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 6 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Ta and Dionne 2004 (celecoxib) reported adverse effects. Per the review: 'All but one study (Lobo et al 2004) reported adverse effects. Most of the reported adverse effects were mild and similar to the adverse effects… | 1 study · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash vs Placebo Improvement in mucositis · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.94, 1.60] | 2 studies · 102 participants | Ungraded |
Allopurinol mouthwash vs Placebo Improvement in mucositis · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 6.33 [2.18, 18.37] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Allopurinol mouthwash vs Placebo Mucositis eradicated · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 19.00 [1.17, 307.63] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Reduction in pain intensity rating · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: Reduction in pain intensity rating (primary outcome) comparing propranolol treatment to placebo treatment did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.104); pairwise differences between… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction) Prosthesis failure · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · up to 5 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | After 2 years (and up to 5 years) there were no statistically significant differences for prosthesis failures (Schropp 2003). | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Morphine via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) vs Morphine via continuous infusion (CI) Duration of pain control therapy (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.87 [-3.49, -0.25] | 3 studies · 113 participants | Ungraded |
Counter oscillation powered toothbrush vs Circular powered toothbrush Gingivitis (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months), Adolescents Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | Trimpeneers 1997 reported a significant difference in favour of the counter oscillation brush for gingival index at 2 months over a circular mode of action brush; data were unsuitable for meta-analysis. | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to adverse effects) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | One participant in the clonazepam group withdrew from the study by Harkins et al 1991 due to severe headache. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Lower total dose radiotherapy (67.2 Gy over 5.6 weeks) vs Conventional/standard total dose radiotherapy (72 Gy) Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 1.38 [0.83, 2.29] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract) Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.72, 1.42] | 1 study · 37 participants | Ungraded |
Sucralfate vs Salt and soda mouthwash Time to heal mucositis (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD 13.10 [-6.30, 32.50] | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
Autogenous bone graft augmentation at the immediate implant site vs No augmentation Major complications at the implant/donor site · Patients receiving immediate single implants in fresh extraction sockets (maxillary anterior/premolar sites) · up to 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | Two complications occurred in the group treated with autogenous bone (one abscess that determined the early failure of the implant and one wound dehiscence); none in the control group. | 1 study · 26 participants | Ungraded |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Patient quality of life · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Sucralfate vs Salt and soda mouthwash Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-1.03, 0.43] | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Allopurinol mouthwash vs Placebo Time to heal mucositis (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -4.50 [-5.77, -3.23] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral glucosamine hydrochloride/chondroitin sulphate vs Placebo Pain intensity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 3 months Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.70 [-2.16, 0.76] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Hydromorphone vs Morphine Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.60 [-9.24, 10.44] | 1 study · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Listerine mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash Probing pocket depth · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.15 [0.06, 0.24] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Oral diclofenac sodium (NSAID) vs Placebo Severe or very severe symptoms · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 2 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.42, 1.84] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Present pain of TMD (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.61 [-2.45, 1.23] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin E (topical) vs Vitamin E (swallowed) Mucositis eradicated · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 53.74 [3.41, 846.84] | 1 study · 63 participants | Ungraded |
Altered fractionation radiotherapy (hyperfractionated and/or accelerated) vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy Mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… · 5 years, Studies at low risk of bias (sensitivity analysis) Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 0.93 [0.80, 1.07] | 5 studies · 1511 participants | Moderate |
Side to side action powered toothbrush vs Counter oscillation powered toothbrush Gingivitis (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months) Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | SMD -0.02 [-0.37, 0.32] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate implants (placed just after tooth extraction) vs Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) Perimplant marginal bone level changes · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences for perimplant marginal bone level changes (Analysis 3.2; Palattella 2008). | 1 study · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Multidimensional powered toothbrush vs Side to side action powered toothbrush Staining · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months) Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | One trial (Patters 2005) reported reduced staining in the short term (1-3 months) with a multidimensional versus side to side mode of action powered brush. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Oral diazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Number of participants with severe dysfunction (pain of TMD not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.27, 1.66] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |