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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Open reduction and fixation vs Closed (conservative) management (no active intervention other than soft diet, analgesics or antibiotics; or intermaxillary/maxillary-mandibular fixation with rigid or elastic traction) Outcome NR · Adults, over 18 years of age, with unilateral or bilateral fractures of the mandibular condyles Interventions for the treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction) Aesthetics assessed by dentist: position of the perimplant tissues · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.04, 2.72] | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Reduction in pain duration (percentage of day) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: no statistically significant difference in reduction in pain duration (P = 0.802) between propranolol and placebo. | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vs Placebo or no treatment Improvement in mucositis · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis · End of radiotherapy Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 4.23 [1.35, 13.24] | 1 study · 61 participants | Ungraded |
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vs Placebo or no treatment Improvement in mucositis · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis · 14 days Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 2.09 [0.77, 5.68] | 1 study · 51 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction) Perimplant marginal bone level changes · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences for marginal bone level changes (Analysis 2.9; Schropp 2003). | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral propranolol (beta-blocker) vs Placebo Adverse events (treatment-emergent) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 1 week per period (cross-over) Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | Tchivileva et al 2010: at least one treatment-emergent adverse event was reported by five participants (12.5%) during the propranolol period (nausea, diarrhoea, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue) and four participants (10%)… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Split-course radiotherapy vs Accelerated radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… · 2 years Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.00 [0.82, 1.22] | 1 study · 110 participants | Ungraded |
Mixed beam (neutron and photon) radiotherapy vs Conventional photon radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 1.12 [0.92, 1.36] | 1 study · 327 participants | Ungraded |
Counter oscillation powered toothbrush vs Circular powered toothbrush Plaque (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months), Adolescents Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | Trimpeneers 1997 reported a significant difference in favour of the counter oscillation brush for plaque index at 2 months over a circular mode of action brush; data were unsuitable for meta-analysis. | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine solution enclosed in implant inner part vs Physiologic (saline) solution Plaque · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 6 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.00 [-0.48, 0.48] | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Alfentanil vs Morphine Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.00 [-31.01, 31.01] | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
Sonic toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Ease of maintenance · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.79, 1.12] | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Screening for domestic violence vs No screening Proportion of victims of domestic violence detected by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Sonic toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Change in probing pocket depth · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.08 [-0.64, 0.80] | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Autogenous bone graft augmentation at the immediate implant site vs No augmentation Implant failure · Patients receiving immediate single implants in fresh extraction sockets (maxillary anterior/premolar sites) · up to 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | Two implants were lost in the autogenous bone group versus none in the non-augmented group; no statistically significant difference (Chen 2005b). | 1 study · 26 participants | Ungraded |
Counter oscillation powered toothbrush vs Rotation oscillation powered toothbrush Plaque (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months), Adolescents Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | One cross-over trial of 36 adolescents (Trimpeneers 1997); data not presented in a suitable format for meta-analysis; no significant differences between counter oscillation and rotation oscillation for plaque index /… | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Ultrasonic powered toothbrush vs Multidimensional powered toothbrush Gingivitis (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months) Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | One cross-over trial (Costa 2007) made this comparison; data were not available in a useable form. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) vs Conventional or other radiotherapy Outcome NR · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | Discussion: 'There are currently no trials of IMRT in this systematic review' (the PARSPORT trial was underway, expected 2013). No eligible trials of intensity modulated radiotherapy identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) vs Delayed implants (placed at least 2 months after extraction) Patients' aesthetic perception (satisfaction with crown appearance) · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | No statistically significant difference for aesthetics assessed by the patient (Analysis 2.5; Schropp 2003). | 1 study · 44 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Participants' assessment of improvement of pain in left TMJ (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.36 [-3.68, 0.96] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Hyperfractionated/accelerated radiotherapy vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy Disease free survival · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | Hyperfractionated/accelerated vs conventional, disease free survival: one trial (Poulsen 2001); no statistically significant difference (Analysis 1.3). No pooled estimate. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Change in taste · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.55 [-1.02, -0.08] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Oral clonazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo Pain on palpation of left masseter muscle (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 60 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.89 [-2.46, 0.68] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Multidimensional powered toothbrush vs Side to side action powered toothbrush Plaque (level reduction) · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… · Short term (1-3 months) Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | Analysis 5.1 Plaque < 3 months (Turesky): 3 trials, 236 participants (Goyal 2005; Patters 2005; Zimmer 2005); significant heterogeneity (P < 0.1; I2 = 96%), so no statistical pooling was undertaken. | 3 studies · 236 participants | Ungraded |
Immediate implants (placed just after tooth extraction) vs Immediate-delayed implants (placed within 8 weeks after tooth extraction) Aesthetics assessed by dentist: position of the perimplant tissues · Patients with compromised teeth to be extracted who require single dental implants in fresh postextraction sockets · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | Two years after implant placement there were no implant failures, complications or drop-outs, nor statistically significant differences for the level of the perimplant marginal mucosa in relation to the implant collar… | 1 study · 16 participants | Ungraded |
Powered toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Plaque · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 6 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-0.66, 0.86] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sonic toothbrushing vs Manual toothbrushing Plaque · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.14 [-0.47, 0.19] | 1 study · 31 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Patient preference / acceptance of treatment · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | The majority of patients preferred inhalation sedation over hypnosis. (Braithwaite 2005; 10 patients.) | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) mouthwash vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Implant failure · Adults with dental implants and healthy peri-implant soft tissues at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.01, 6.43] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Sufentanil vs Hydromorphone Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Sufentanil vs hydromorphone (Coda 1997): no statistically significant difference; no separate estimate reported | 1 study | Ungraded |
Neutron radiotherapy vs Conventional photon radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | HR 1.10 [0.90, 1.34] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) vs Placebo or no treatment Time to heal mucositis (days) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.10 [-3.59, 1.39] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Mechanical debridement plus topical minocycline vs Mechanical debridement plus chlorhexidine gel Change in probing pocket depth · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 12 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD 0.30 [-0.17, 0.77] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Accelerated/split-course radiotherapy vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy Total mortality · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… · 5 years Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.57, 2.43] | 1 study · 147 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Total treatment time · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | No significant difference in total treatment time between inhalation sedation and hypnorelaxation; hypnorelaxation demanded little additional time to complete care. (Braithwaite 2005.) | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs No hypnosis (no hypnotic intervention) Difference in post-operative anxiety between test and control groups · Children and adolescents up to 16 years of age undergoing dental treatment Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Difference in post-operative anxiety was a protocol-planned outcome but was not measured or reported by any included study (no post-operative anxiety scale was reported). | NR | No studies |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs Control (treatment as usual) Daily mean opiate intake per hour · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.20 [-4.29, 3.89] | 1 study · 21 participants | Ungraded |
Hyperfractionated/accelerated split-course radiotherapy vs Accelerated radiotherapy with concomitant boost Locoregional control · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | Fu 1995: no significant difference in locoregional control; data not presented in a way that allows calculation of an HR. | 1 study · 75 participants | Ungraded |
Oral piroxicam (NSAID) vs Placebo Number of participants with severe dysfunction (pain of TMD not improved) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 15 days Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.29, 1.76] | 1 study · 41 participants | Ungraded |
Morphine via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) vs Morphine via continuous infusion (CI) Daily mean opiate intake per hour · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.65 [-1.20, -0.09] | 3 studies · 113 participants | Ungraded |
Oral prazepam (benzodiazepine) vs Placebo No improvement in TMJ pain during mastication · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 8 days, 5 mg prazepam Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.61, 1.54] | 1 study · 83 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Adverse events · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies mentioned any adverse effects regarding hypnosis. (Braithwaite 2005.) | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs Control (treatment as usual) Average pain scores (0-100 VAS) · People with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy (or both) who have oral mucositis Interventions for treating oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | MD -7.29 [-17.40, 2.83] | 2 studies · 68 participants | Ungraded |
Clotrimazole 50 mg (partially absorbed) vs Clotrimazole 10 mg (partially absorbed) Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.00 [0.90, 1.11] | 1 study · 52 participants | Ungraded |
Subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation vs Chlorhexidine mouthwash Marginal bleeding · Adults with dental implants and peri-implant mucositis at baseline · 3 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental… (2010) · Cochrane | MD -0.17 [-0.19, -0.15] | 1 study · 24 participants | Ungraded |
Morning radiotherapy vs Afternoon radiotherapy Quality of life · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | Bjarnason 2009: no statistically significant difference in quality of life scores (data not reported). Morning radiotherapy was associated with significantly less weight loss after 5 months. | 1 study · 216 participants | Ungraded |
Bio-Oss (anorganic bovine bone) vs Bio-Oss + resorbable barrier Poor aesthetics measured by dentist (after restoration) · Patients receiving immediate single implants in fresh extraction sockets (maxillary anterior/premolar sites) · up to 3 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in fresh extraction sockets (immediate,… (2010) · Cochrane | After placement of the final restorations the operator judged aesthetics to be poor in 2/10 patients of the Bio-Oss group and in 4/10 of the Bio-Oss plus barrier group; no statistically significant difference. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Hypnosis combined with a sedative agent vs Sedation alone (sedative agent only) Outcome NR · Children and adolescents up to 16 years of age undergoing dental treatment Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | No randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing hypnosis combined with sedation versus sedation alone met the inclusion criteria; this planned comparison had no eligible studies. | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical capsaicin (0.025% cream) vs Placebo Pain on daily activity (VAS) · Adult patients aged >=18 years, clinically or radiographically diagnosed with TMD (McNeill 1997 criteria); moderate to… · 4 weeks Pharmacological interventions for pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders (2010) · Cochrane | MD -1.12 [-3.12, 0.88] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |