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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,886 questions in 74 reviews · Skin

current versions
No studies 542 · 28.7%Ungraded 130 · 6.9%Very low 326 · 17.3%Low 434 · 23%Moderate 348 · 18.5%High 106 · 5.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intralesional pentoxifylline vs daily simple dressing
Secondary outcome: cost of intervention · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (mean change of wound size (mm3) after 8 months treatment) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs magnesium sulphate glycerin
Secondary outcome: costs · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Light‐emitting diode (LED) irradiation vs conventional dressing therapy
Secondary outcome: cost of intervention · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Tertiary outcome: prevention and treatment of other skin changes (number of feet being fissure‐ and callous‐free at 6 weeks) · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
RR 2.22 [1.07, 4.6]1 study · 44 participantsVery low
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Primary outcome: adverse effects · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Secondary outcome: quality of life · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment (at 6 weeks) · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
Wax therapy vs foot soaks
Secondary outome: cost of intervention · skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcers · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (size, cm², at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (depth, cm², at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outome: cost of intervention · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (size, cm2 at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (depth, cm2 at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
Zinc tape vs povidone iodine (10%)
Primary outcome: healing of ulcers (mean reduction of ulcer area at 6 weeks (mm2)) · ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 38 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM
Secondary outome: cost of intervention · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Primary outcome: prevention of ulcer · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (size, cm2, at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Primary outcome: healing of ulcer (depth, cm2, at 8 weeks) · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Primary outcome: adverse events · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 44 participantsVery low
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Secondary outcome: quality of life · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin E vs hAMMSC‐CM + vitamin C
Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · ulceration caused by nerve damage in leprosy
Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Barrier creams vs no treatment
The proportion of participants developing any signs and symptoms of OIHD (incident cases) measured by clinical scores (IGA) or hand dermatitis scores (e.g. HECSI, Manuscore), or both, as rated by the investigator (physician/nurse) or the participa... · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.06]4 studies · 999 participantsLow
Barrier creams vs no treatment
Frequency of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 111 participantsModerate
Moisturisers vs no treatment
The proportion of participants developing any signs and symptoms of OIHD (incident cases) measured by clinical scores (IGA) or hand dermatitis scores (e.g. HECSI, Manuscore), or both, as rated by the investigator (physician/nurse) or the participa... · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.71 [0.46, 1.09]3 studies · 507 participantsLow
Moisturisers vs no treatment
Frequency of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 133 participantsModerate
Barrier creams and moisturisers vs no treatment
The proportion of participants developing any signs and symptoms of OIHD (incident cases) measured by clinical scores (IGA) or hand dermatitis scores (e.g. HECSI, Manuscore), or both, as rated by the investigator (physician/nurse) or the participa... · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.68 [0.33, 1.42]2 studies · 474 participantsLow
Barrier creams and moisturisers vs no treatment
Frequency of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 100 participantsModerate
Skin protection education vs no or minimal intervention
The proportion of participants developing any signs and symptoms of OIHD (incident cases) measured by clinical scores (IGA) or hand dermatitis scores (e.g. HECSI, Manuscore), or both, as rated by the investigator (physician/nurse) or the participa... · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
RR 0.76 [0.54, 1.08]3 studies · 13551 participantsVery low
Skin protection education vs no or minimal intervention
Frequency of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects · workers at risk of occupational irritant hand dermatitis
Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 250 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Primary outcome 1: participant‐ or parent‐rated symptoms of eczema (SCORAD part C) at the end of active treatment Visual analogue scale for itch and sleep disturbance ranging from 0 to 10 for each symptom and combined ranging from 0 to 20. The hig... · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema
Probiotics for treating eczema (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted13 studies · 754 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Primary outcome 1: participant‐ or parent‐rated global change in eczema symptoms at the end of active treatment (binary outcome) Change in risk for worsened/unchanged eczema Duration of · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema
Probiotics for treating eczema (2018) · Cochrane
OR 0.4 [0.14, 1.15]3 studies · 135 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Primary outcome 2: participant‐ or parent‐rated participant quality of life score at the end of active treatment Scales used: DLQI, IDQoL, Skindex‐29, CDLQI. On those scales, the higher the score, the more severely the quality of life is affected ... · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema
Probiotics for treating eczema (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted6 studies · 552 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Primary outcome 2: participant‐ or parent‐rated family quality of life score at the end of active treatment Scale used: DFI, FDLQI. On those scales, the higher the score, the more severely the quality of life is affected Duration of · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema
Probiotics for treating eczema (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 358 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Secondary outcome 4: global eczema severity score (total SCORAD) at the end of active treatment (Investigator‐rated eczema severity) Scale used: total SCORAD ranging from 0 to 103. The higher the score, the more severe the disease Duration of · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema
Probiotics for treating eczema (2018) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted24 studies · 1596 participantsLow