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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 328 participants | Very low |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 102 participants | Very low |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Cessation of breastfeeding, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 210 participants | Low |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Number of women with adverse events · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 228 participants | Low |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Cessation of breastfeeding · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Number of women with adverse events · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Breast pain · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 602 participants | Low |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs placebo Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.35, 0.75] | 2 studies · 399 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs usual care or placebo Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs usual care or placebo Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs usual care or placebo Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs usual care or placebo Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs usual care or placebo Number of women with adverse effects · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum ‐ Antibiotics versus fusidic acid ointment · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.03, 1.81] | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum ‐ Antibiotics versus mupirocin ointment · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.05, 3.89] | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Antibiotics vs topical treatments Number of women with adverse effects · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum ‐ Fusidic acid ointment versus breastfeeding advice · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.27, 2.22] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum ‐ Mupirocin ointment versus breastfeeding advice · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.12, 1.35] | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topical treatments vs breastfeeding advice Number of women with adverse events · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.13, 2] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Breast pain · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment Number of women with adverse events · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Incidence of mastitis within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.17, 4.95] | 1 study · 203 participants | Low |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Recurrence of mastitis within 12 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Probiotics vs placebo Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.11, 1.01] | 1 study · 424 participants | Very low |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Breast abscess within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Nipple damage within 6 months postpartum · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Breast pain (sore nipples) · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.36, 2.37] | 1 study · 203 participants | Low |
Specialist breastfeeding education vs usual care Number of women with adverse events · postpartum breastfeeding women Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |