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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Raloxifene vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the lumbar spine · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.03 [0.03, 0.04] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Low |
Raloxifene vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the total hip · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Raloxifene vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the distal radius · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Raloxifene vs placebo Adverse events · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Raloxifene vs placebo Death · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |
Raloxifene vs placebo QoL · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Clinical fracture · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.05] | 4 studies · 5827 participants | Moderate |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the femoral neck · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 6081 participants | Very low |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the lumbar spine · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 9054 participants | Very low |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the total hip · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3998 participants | Very low |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the distal radius · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Adverse events · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.98, 1] | 5 studies · 9054 participants | Moderate |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Death · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 4973 participants | Low |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo QoL · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Number with frequent relapses by 12 to 24 months · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.71, 1.06] | 8 studies · 976 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Subgroup analysis by risk of bias for number with frequent relapses: low risk of selection bias · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.74, 1.33] | 3 studies · 376 participants | High |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Subgroup analysis by risk of bias for number with frequent relapses: Unclear or high risk of selection bias · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.32, 0.72] | 3 studies · 330 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Adverse events: hypertension · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.71, 1.74] | 6 studies · 752 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Adverse events: eye complications · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.18, 1.17] | 5 studies · 614 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Adverse events: Cushingoid appearance · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.61, 1.23] | 6 studies · 762 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Adverse events: psychological disorders · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.05, 1.83] | 4 studies · 505 participants | Low |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Number of children relapsing by 12 to 24 months · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.63, 0.95] | 12 studies · 1309 participants | Low |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Number with frequent relapses by 12 to 24 months stratified by risk of selection bias: Low risk of selection bias · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.82, 1.19] | 4 studies · 585 participants | High |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Number with frequent relapses by 12 to 24 months stratified by risk of selection bias: Unclear or high risk of bias for allocation bias · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.26, 0.77] | 3 studies · 220 participants | Low |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Adverse events: psychological disorders · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.53, 1.9] | 4 studies · 456 participants | Low |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Adverse events: hypertension · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [0.55, 5.73] | 7 studies · 548 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy Adverse events: Cushing's syndrome · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.76, 1.65] | 5 studies · 547 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Number with frequent relapses by 12 to 24 months · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.49, 1.09] | 6 studies · 706 participants | Moderate |
Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months Number of children relapsing by 12 to 24 months · children with nephrotic syndrome Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.45, 0.85] | 7 studies · 762 participants | Low |
Low protein diet vs normal protein diet Death (all causes) · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.51, 1.18] | 5 studies · 1680 participants | Moderate |
Low protein diet vs normal protein diet ESKD · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.73, 1.53] | 6 studies · 1814 participants | Low |
Low protein diet vs normal protein diet End or change in GFR · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1680 participants | Very low |
Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet Death (all causes) · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.62, 2.54] | 6 studies · 681 participants | Moderate |
Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet ESKD · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.49, 0.85] | 10 studies · 1010 participants | Moderate |
Very low protein diet vs low or normal protein diet End or change in GFR · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 456 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Final body weight: low protein versus normal protein diet · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 223 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Final body weight: very low protein diet versus low protein diet · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 291 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Protein energy wasting (malnutrition) · non‐diabetic adults with CKD Low protein diets for non‐diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.42, 4.13] | 15 studies · 2373 participants | Low |
Rituximab vs placebo or control Relapses at 3 months · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.14, 0.7] | 3 studies · 132 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Frequent relapses at 12 months · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.41, 1.87] | 1 study · 149 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Relapse rate/patient/month · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Adverse effects: peritonitis · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.03, 3.01] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Adverse effects: abdominal pain · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.66, 2.4] | 1 study · 149 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Adverse effects: anaemia · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.04, 5.18] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs levamisole Adverse effects: leukopenia · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.88 [0.12, 69.65] | 1 study · 149 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin Relapse at 12 months · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [0.66, 5.46] | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin Frequent relapses · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin Relapse rate/year · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil vs cyclosporin Adverse effects: hypertension · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.09, 1.07] | 3 studies · 144 participants | Low |
Rituximab vs placebo or control Relapses at 6 months · SSNS in children Non‐corticosteroid immunosuppressive medications for steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.12, 0.43] | 5 studies · 269 participants | Moderate |