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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Number of women cured or improved (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Condition‐specific quality of life ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to lifestyle intervention vs lifestyle intervention alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Number of women cured ‐ 3 months after treatment · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.84, 3.46] | 1 study · 122 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Condition‐specific quality of life ‐ 3 months after treatment Incontinence Impact Questionnaire‐ Revised (IIQ‐R) · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to bladder training vs bladder training alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.57, 1.57] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Number of women cured · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [0.79, 5.38] | 2 studies · 56 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Condition‐specific quality of life assessed by patient questionnaire such as Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes) Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Number of women cured or improved (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Objective measure of urine leakage (pad test) · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.94, 1.71] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Condition‐specific quality of life assessed by patient questionnaire such as Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to magnetic stimulation vs magnetic stimulation alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Number of women cured or improved (subjective) at 12 months · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.16] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Number of women experiencing pain ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Condition‐specific quality of life at 12 months Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.62, 1.08] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to continence pessary vs continence pessary alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Number of women cured ‐ PFMT + clenbuterol versus clenbuterol · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.83, 1.63] | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Number of women reporting adverse events · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [1.6, 45] | 1 study · 162 participants | Very low |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Condition‐specific quality of life on I‐QoL Questionnaire ‐ PFMT + duloxetine versus duloxetine Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT added to vaginal cones vs vaginal cones alone Condition‐specific quality of life assessed by patient questionnaire such as Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Number of women cured or improved (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Objective measure of urine leakage (e.g. pad test) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PFMT prior to surgical intervention vs surgical intervention alone Condition‐specific quality of life assessed by patient questionnaire such as Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence Pelvic floor muscle training added to another active treatment versus the same active treatment alone for… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |