Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Patient health status · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 13 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Satisfaction and preferences · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 16993 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 16002 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Process of care · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 10 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Utilisation (consultations, prescriptions, tests, investigations, and services) · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 16 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Costs · all presenting patients in primary care Nurses as substitutes for doctors in primary care (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 9 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Time from arrival to clinical assessment and treatment · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | MD 2.1 | 1 study · 260 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Total length of ED stay · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 260 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Admission to hospital · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 11203 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Diagnostic tests · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 11203 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Treatments given · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 11203 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Consultations or referrals to hospital‐based specialists · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 11203 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Costs · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 9325 participants | Very low |
Primary care professionals vs ordinary emergency department physicians Adverse events · patients with minor injuries and illnesses Primary care professionals providing non‐urgent care in hospital emergency departments (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient reminder or recall summary measure · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.23, 1.35] | 55 studies · 138625 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Childhood immunizations · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [1.15, 1.29] | 23 studies · 31099 participants | High |
Intervention NR Childhood influenza immunizations · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [1.14, 1.99] | 5 studies · 9265 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adult immunizations ‐ other than influenza or travel ('Other adult') · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.08 [0.91, 4.78] | 4 studies · 8065 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adult influenza immunizations · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.17, 1.43] | 15 studies · 59328 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adolescent immunizations · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.17, 1.42] | 10 studies · 30868 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patient telephone reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.2, 2.54] | 7 studies · 9120 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient letter reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.21, 1.38] | 27 studies · 81100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient postcard reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [1.08, 1.3] | 8 studies · 27734 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patient text message reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.15, 1.44] | 6 studies · 7772 participants | High |
Intervention NR Patient autodialer message reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.03, 1.32] | 5 studies · 11947 participants | High |
Intervention NR Combination of patient mail and telephone reminder or recall · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.14, 1.45] | 8 studies · 6506 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Combination of patient reminder or recall with outreach intervention · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [1.1, 1.35] | 3 studies · 2701 participants | High |
Intervention NR Combination of patient reminder or recall with provider reminder intervention · children, adolescents, and adults with a need for routine immunizations, excluding travel immunizations Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.91 [2.67, 3.19] | 2 studies · 4120 participants | Moderate |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Changes in healthcare utilisation by consumers Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Changes in healthcare decisions taken by healthcare providers (professionals and organisations) Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Changes in the healthcare utilisation decisions of purchasers Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Changes in provider performance Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Changes in patient outcome Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Adverse effects Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Public reporting of performance data vs no public reporting Impact on equity Impact of public release of performance data on the behaviour of healthcare consumers and providers (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Primary outcome measure · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – emergency · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.67, 1.23] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – elective repeat · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – for psychological reasons · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.36] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – overall · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.56, 1.18] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – VBAC · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – scheduled · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.11] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – urgent · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.58, 1.33] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Maternal mortality · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal morbidity, neonatal morbidity or mortality · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Primary outcome measure · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Caesarean section · mixed population (women with a fear of childbirth; women with high levels of anxiety; husbands of pregnant women;… Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.33, 0.89] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – all · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – elective · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Caesarean section – intrapartum · nurses, midwives, physicians Non‐clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |