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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,532 questions · 2,642 findings · 483 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 534 · 20.2%GRADE not reported 82 · 3.1%Very low 641 · 24.3%Low 807 · 30.5%Moderate 472 · 17.9%High 106 · 4%

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause death Median compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Cardiovascular mortality · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors changes cardiovascular death Median compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Doubling of SCr Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors changes doubling of SCr Median compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Fatal or nonfatal stroke · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal stroke Median compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction · people with diabetes and kidney disease

Angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction Median compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors changes micro‐ to macroalbuminuria Median compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo or no treatment

Micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median · people with diabetes and kidney disease

It is very uncertain whether angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors changes micro‐ to normoalbuminuria Median compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo

CVD events: total (fatal and non‐fatal) · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors showed no clear difference in CVD events: total (fatal and non‐fatal) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors vs placebo

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non‐diabetic CKD

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors may leads to higher adverse events: number reporting an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review