Intervention not reported
Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to higher glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 4 RCTs; 2419 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes immunoglobulins (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 243 participants) (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes interferon beta 1a‐1b No direct evidence (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 3.02 [0.27, 33.65]
1 participants
Very low
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention may leads to higher interferon beta‐1b (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 372 participants) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention showed no clear difference in interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 1457 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.48 [0.99, 2.2]
1 study · 2 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention showed no clear difference in laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes pegylated interferon beta‐1a (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 1512… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention showed no clear difference in natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention showed no clear difference in ocrelizumab No direct evidence (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 0.82 [0.42, 1.6]
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention may leads to higher ofatumumab No direct evidence (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 2 [1.05, 3.81]
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention showed no clear difference in ozanimod No direct evidence (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.95]
Studies not reported
Low
Intervention not reported
Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ponesimod No direct evidence (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
OR 5.04 [2.15, 11.82]
Studies not reported
Very low
Intervention not reported
Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The intervention probably leads to higher teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Placebo · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, azathioprine, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate,…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Antibiotic‐resistant organisms isolated · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
1 finding from 1 review
Requirement of other courses of antibiotics · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
Summary of findings ‐ withdrawal of penicillin prophylaxis showed no clear difference in requirement of other courses of antibiotics compared with continuation (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Compliance with treatment · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Incidence of S pneumoniae Confirmed bacterial infection · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
Summary of findings ‐ withdrawal of penicillin prophylaxis showed no clear difference in incidence of S pneumoniae Confirmed bacterial infection compared with continuation (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Deaths · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea and vomiting · children with SCD who have been receiving prophylactic penicillin for at least two years
Summary of findings ‐ withdrawal of penicillin prophylaxis showed no clear difference in adverse effects: incidences of nausea and vomiting compared with continuation (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review