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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Flapless implant placement vs Conventional flap elevation Peri-implant marginal bone level change · Patients receiving dental implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.25, 0.15] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Er:YAG laser surface debridement before bone augmentation vs Plastic curettes plus saline solution before bone augmentation Complications and side effects · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | All patients experienced flap exposure during healing, not associated with infective complications; one patient had a slight pigmentation of the peri-implant soft tissues. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Pain on palpation of the affected/contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 14 days to 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | Pain on palpation of the affected and contralateral TMJ and masticatory muscles presented similar frequencies regardless of the time (Analyses 1.4-1.12); no statistically significant differences reported. Point… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) vs Sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) Stability of correction: vertical changes of pogonion (1 week to 1 year) · Adults (16 years of age or older) with an Angle Class III malocclusion (prominent lower front teeth); people with… · 1 week to 1 year post-surgery Treatments for adults with prominent lower front teeth (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.41 [-0.15, 0.97] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Cemented implant crown vs Screw-retained implant crown Alveolar bone level · Patients with single-tooth implants receiving implant crowns; split-mouth · 4 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | Alveolar bone levels showed no significant differences between groups; insufficient information to estimate SDs (narrative) | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Relapse rate when medications stopped · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | In Passeron 2007 (n=12), all participants who improved during treatment relapsed within 1 month of ceasing treatment. | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Xenogeneic collagen matrix (porcine; Mucograft) vs Connective tissue autograft (palate) Keratinised mucosa height change · Patients with implant-supported prostheses and <=1 mm keratinised mucosa Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.15 [-0.72, 1.02] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Clofazimine (100 mg daily for 30 days, then 100 mg every other day) vs Placebo Complete remission (no further aphthous episodes to 6 months) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | One trial at high risk of bias compared clofazimine (n=23) with placebo (n=20). The number of individuals in the clofazimine group who had no further aphthous episodes from beginning treatment until completion at 6… | 1 study · 43 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole gel 25% (local antibiotic) vs Ultrasonic debridement Recurrence of peri-implantitis · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 12 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No recurrence of peri-implantitis occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5% with proteolytic enzyme Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain up to 6 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.4, 5.0] | 1 study · 166 participants | Ungraded |
Radix tripterygium hypoglaucum tablet (THT) vs Tripterygium glucosides tablet (TGT) Physician Global Assessment (cure of erosive lesions, remarkably effective) · People with erosive oral lichen planus · Grade II (erosive lesions only) Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.42, 1.28] | 1 study · 94 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5% with proteolytic enzyme Adverse effects · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Antiseptic mouthwash (e.g. chlorhexidine) vs Another topical agent or placebo Healing of ulceration · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Number of days of pain (monthly average) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -3.80 [-9.39, 1.79] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Beclometasone dipropionate (systemic corticosteroid) vs Placebo or no treatment Outcome NR · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Table 1: 'Studies of these corticosteroids were not found or included in the review but are included here for completeness.' No trial of beclometasone dipropionate for RAS was identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Extent of mandibular movement (maximum jaw opening, lateral and contralateral movement, jaw protrusion) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 14 days to 6 months Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | None of the mean differences between interventions for the measures of jaw movements (maximum jaw opening, lateral movement to affected side, contralateral movement, jaw protrusion; Analyses 1.16-1.27) showed… | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Normal saline Change in periapical radiolucency (radiography or CBCT), up to 1 year after treatment · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Vitamin B12 (sublingual, 1000 mcg daily for 6 months) vs Placebo 'No ulcer' status during last 2 months of treatment · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.27 [1.23, 8.66] | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily for 90 days) vs Placebo Number of ulcers at end of 90-day treatment · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 90 days Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.5 [-1.10, 0.10] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Colchicine (0.5 mg three times per day) vs Clofazimine (100 mg daily for 30 days, then 100 mg every other day) Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Clofazimine was associated with an increase in cutaneous adverse effects (Fisher's exact test P=0.015), easily controlled; there was a greater percentage of treatment interruptions in the colchicine group due to… | 1 study · 46 participants | Ungraded |
Perilla cooking oil vs Soybean cooking oil Average number of days for resolution of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 8 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.80 [-1.83, 3.43] | 1 study · 33 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole gel 25% (local antibiotic) vs Ultrasonic debridement Complications and side effects · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 12 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No implant failures, complications or recurrence of peri-implantitis occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Topical corticosteroids vs Another topical agent or placebo Pain relief · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Er:YAG laser surface debridement before bone augmentation vs Plastic curettes plus saline solution before bone augmentation Implant failure · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | Six months after treatment there were no implant failures. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist; 10 mg daily for 1 month then alternate days for the second month) vs Placebo Time to resolution of first ulcer (days) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 2 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -3.95 [-4.38, -3.52] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Titanium RDP framework vs Chromium-cobalt RDP framework Framework fracture (2 years) · Partially edentulous patients treated with an RDP framework · 2 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.32 [1.19, 9.23] | 1 study · 38 participants | Ungraded |
Antiseptic mouthwash (e.g. chlorhexidine) vs Another topical agent or placebo Incidence and recurrence after healing of ulcers · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Any topical or systemic intervention (topical/systemic steroids, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, retinoids, anti-malarials, biologics, phototherapy, surgery) vs Placebo, no treatment, another active intervention, or a different dose of the same intervention Reduction in number of flares · People of any age with erosive lichen planus affecting the oral, anogenital, and/or oesophageal regions Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | No studies reported this outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% vs 5% topical mesalazine gel in adhesive base Pain reduction (VAS 0-10) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.83 [-4.12, 2.46] | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel) Mean change in health-related quality of life or participant-expressed satisfaction with the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
LongoVital (herbal component alone) vs Placebo Mean size of ulcers · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 to 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.30 [-0.56, 0.04] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with normal saline final rinse Mean change in health-related quality of life or participant-expressed satisfaction with the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5% with proteolytic enzyme Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical corticosteroids vs Another topical agent or placebo Adverse effects of long‐term use of available topical agents · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3% Mean change in health-related quality of life or participant-expressed satisfaction with the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics Eating healthy snacks at least twice per day · Children aged 11 to 12 years with at least one active initial caries lesion, screened in a town in Finland · 2 to 4 years One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Table 2: 71% (178) versus 68% (168) at follow-up (baseline 69% versus 65%). No significant change. | 1 study · 497 participants | Ungraded |
Crestal incision vs Vestibular incision Prosthesis failure · Patients receiving dental implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.0 [0.15, 59.89] | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Titanium framework FDP vs High-gold content alloy framework FDP Unacceptable restoration (poor marginal integrity / restoration removal) · Partially edentulous patients receiving tooth-supported FDPs Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | RR 10.23 [1.41, 74.44] | 1 study · 47 participants | Ungraded |
Adjunctive local antibiotic (8.5% doxycycline hyclate, Atridox) added to manual debridement vs Manual debridement with chlorhexidine (no antibiotic) Implant failure · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 4 months (18 weeks) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No implant failures occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) vs Bovine-derived xenograft (Bio-Oss) plus resorbable barrier Change in probing attachment level (PAL) · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 4 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | MD -1.4 [-2.56, -0.24] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Xenogeneic collagen matrix (porcine; Mucograft) vs Connective tissue autograft (palate) Recession (aesthetics) · Patients with implant-supported prostheses and <=1 mm keratinised mucosa Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.10 [-1.19, 0.99] | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3% Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain up to 6 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Reassurance / behavioral management (control of contributory factors) Outcome NR · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | The review noted the noticeable absence of evidence for reassurance among interventions for TMJ OA; no eligible RCT evaluated it (Discussion). | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical corticosteroids vs Another topical agent or placebo Incidence and recurrence after healing of ulcers · HIV‐infected adults (> 13 years of age, per CDC) with one or more painful intraoral aphthous ulcers Topical treatments for HIV‐related oral ulcers (2012) · Cochrane | No studies were included in this review. A total of 233 abstracts were retrieved; 25 were selected as potentially eligible but all were excluded (10 reported systemic rather than topical treatment; 3 non‐RCTs; 6… | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% (also 2.5%) vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% Adverse effects · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Physician Global Assessment (weighted sums of ulceration, erythema, reticulation, mm2) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -56.57 [-134.02, 20.88] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Air-abrasive / Vector system debridement vs Manual debridement (carbon fibre curettes) Complications and side effects · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No complications occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Topical ciclosporin 1.5% gel vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% gel Side-effects reported · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | Table 3 (Side-effects). Conrotto 2006: ciclosporin - skin rashes (2), parotid swelling (1), and dyspepsia (3); clobetasol - dyspepsia (1). | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Metronidazole gel 25% (local antibiotic) vs Ultrasonic debridement Implant failure · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 12 weeks Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No implant failures occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 27 participants | Ungraded |
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) vs Bovine-derived xenograft (Bio-Oss) plus resorbable barrier Complications and side effects · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No complication occurred in any of the groups. | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |