What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 14431 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 21607 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 4957 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1833 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 4447 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 251 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1209 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Community coalition‐driven interventions to reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 783 participants
  Low

Indacaterol vs placebo

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 5001 participants
  High

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol leads to higher number of participants with a clinically significant improvement in… compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.64
  9 studies · 4906 participants
  High

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol leads to higher number of participants with clinically significant improvement in… compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.96 [1.73, 2.22]
  8 studies · 4577 participants
  High

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol leads to lower number of participants experiencing 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.81 [0.7, 0.94]
  7 studies · 4807 participants
  High

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1 [0.82, 1.23]
  9 studies · 6065 participants
  Moderate

Indacaterol vs placebo

Indacaterol showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Indacaterol, a once‐daily beta₂‐agonist, versus twice‐daily beta₂‐agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.42 [0.16, 1.08]
  9 studies · 5694 participants
  Moderate

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.82]
  7 studies · 443 participants
  Low

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.26, 0.77]
  11 studies · 675 participants
  Moderate

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.03, 9.2]
  3 studies · 338 participants
  Very low

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.04, 4.23]
  7 studies · 431 participants
  Very low

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 462 participants
  Low

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

• Preoperative inspiratory muscle training for postoperative pulmonary complications in adults undergoing cardiac and… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 424 participants
  Low