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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs Usual care Vegetable consumption behaviour: proportion in the Action Stage of Change (versus Pre-Action) · Edentulous patients aged 45 to 80 years attending dental-student teaching clinics for replacement dentures, Newcastle… · 6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline) One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | At follow-up 75% (22) of the intervention group versus 21% (6) of the control were in the Action Stage of Change for vegetable consumption (P<0.001); baseline 23% (7) versus 25% (7). Significant difference between… | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Air-abrasive / Vector system debridement vs Manual debridement (carbon fibre curettes) Change in probing pocket depth · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No statistically significant difference for PPD; data not usable. | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs Placebo Decrease in pain · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 4.29 [0.67, 27.24] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Radix tripterygium hypoglaucum tablet (THT) vs Tripterygium glucosides tablet (TGT) Partial response (remarkably effective or effective) · People with erosive oral lichen planus · Grade I (erosive and ulcerative lesions) Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.18 [0.04, 0.82] | 1 study · 94 participants | Ungraded |
Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.47 [-0.26, 1.20] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary counselling tailored to a Stage of Change (Transtheoretical Model) to increase fruit and vegetable intake (two counselling sessions) vs Usual care Fruit consumption (grams per day) · Edentulous patients aged 45 to 80 years attending dental-student teaching clinics for replacement dentures, Newcastle… · 6 weeks after receiving replacement dentures (about 10 weeks after baseline) One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Mean (SD) g/day (Table 1): fruit - intervention 111 (80) at baseline rising to 254 (194) at follow-up; control 87 (82) to 106 (116). A significant change in the weight of fruit consumed was found in the intervention… | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Non-surgical interventions vs Surgical interventions Outcome NR · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | Non-surgical versus surgical interventions: no trials. | 0 studies | No studies |
Low-gold (Midas) or silver-palladium (Albacast) alloy FDP vs High-gold content control alloy (JS C) FDP Visual marginal discrepancy (3 years) · Patients receiving single crowns and FDPs; split-mouth · 3 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.06, 12.73] | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Daily multivitamin vs Placebo Average mouth pain during RAS episodes · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.05 [-0.71, 0.61] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% (also 2.5%) vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% Change in periapical radiolucency (radiography or CBCT), up to 1 year after treatment · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Glucosamine sulfate (oral) vs Ibuprofen (oral) Maximum voluntary jaw opening (mm), change from baseline · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria · 90 days Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | MD 3.08 [-0.97, 7.13] | 1 study · 45 participants | Ungraded |
Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs Placebo Decrease in frequency of attacks · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 4.29 [0.72, 25.39] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with normal saline final rinse Proportion of participants with new or worsening signs/symptoms of inflammation requiring a revisit, up to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Cemented implant crown vs Screw-retained implant crown Mechanical complications / prosthesis failure (4 years) · Patients with single-tooth implants receiving implant crowns; split-mouth · 4 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | No reports of any mechanical complications or failures with either type of prosthesis (narrative) | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Fixed dental prosthesis (cantilever FDP) vs Removable dental prosthesis (RDP) Incidence-free survival (caries, endodontic treatment, tooth loss) · Patients with a shortened dental arch (missing posterior teeth) · 3 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | HR 0.73 [0.06, 8.41] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs Placebo Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Patients receiving levamisole reported more adverse effects than those receiving placebo (mild stomach upset/nausea, diarrhoea, sleeplessness, dysgeusia/dysosmia), however no adverse effects were reported as requiring… | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Erbium:YAG laser (implant exposure) vs Flap elevation at implant exposure Postoperative pain · Patients undergoing implant exposure (second-stage surgery) Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.07, 0.90] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Individually designed, patient-centred preventive programme: dietary counselling (snacking timing, regular meals, fermentable carbohydrates) plus toothbrushing counselling, delivered by trained dental hygienists (a multi-intervention) vs Basic prevention offered as standard in public dental clinics Eating candy less than daily · Children aged 11 to 12 years with at least one active initial caries lesion, screened in a town in Finland · 2 to 4 years One‐to‐one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour (2012) · Cochrane | Table 2: 86% (215) intervention versus 83% (205) control at follow-up (baseline 74% versus 77%). No significant change. | 1 study · 497 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with hydrogen peroxide 3% Adverse effects · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Er:YAG laser debridement vs Manual debridement plus chlorhexidine irrigation/gel Implant failure · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No implant failures occurred in any of the groups (both trials). | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2.5% to 5.25% vs Chlorhexidine, 0.2% to 2% (solution or gel) Proportion of participants or samples with positive bacterial growth culture, up to 72 hours after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.56] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Er:YAG laser surface debridement before bone augmentation vs Plastic curettes plus saline solution before bone augmentation Change in probing attachment level (PAL gain) · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | Six months after treatment there were no statistically significant differences for PAL gain. | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Fluticasone propionate spray vs Betamethasone sodium phosphate mouthwash Dermatology quality of life (OHQoL16) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | No statistical testing of the Oral Health Quality of Life index (OHQoL16) was reported in Hegarty 2002 (fluticasone mean score 0.7 versus betamethasone mean score -0.8). | 1 study · 22 participants | Ungraded |
Intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate vs Intra-articular injection of corticosteroids (betamethasone) Complications (adverse effects) · Adults (>18 years) with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) diagnosed by RDC/TMD or compatible criteria Interventions for managing temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.20 [0.44, 3.30] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Subepithelial connective tissue graft (palate) at implant placement vs No augmentation Peri-implant marginal bone level change · Partially edentulous patients receiving posterior mandibular implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.17 [-0.10, 0.44] | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with EDTA 17% vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD Proportion of participants with new or worsening signs/symptoms of inflammation requiring a revisit, up to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% (also 2.5%) vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Ceramic implant abutment vs Titanium implant abutment Success rate · Patients receiving implant-supported single crowns / short-span FDPs Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | Andersson 2003: 94% (16/17) ceramic vs 100% (12/12) titanium; Andersson 2001: 93% (28/30) ceramic vs 100% (35/35) titanium; no statistical analysis provided; no measurable / non-significant differences in alveolar bone… | 2 studies · 107 participants | Ungraded |
Prednisone (oral, commencing 25 mg with phased dose reduction over 2 months) vs Placebo Time to resolution of first ulcer (days) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 2 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -6.35 [-6.74, -5.96] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% with EDTA 17% vs Sodium hypochlorite 1.3% with MTAD Change in periapical radiolucency (radiography or CBCT), up to 1 year after treatment · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Rofecoxib (oral, 50 mg on first day then 25 to 50 mg per day for 4 days) vs Tinidazole (1 g per day for 3 days) Total effective rate at 4 days · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 days Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.95, 1.43] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Alternative alloy FDP (e.g., Ceramalloy II / base-metal / palladium-silver) vs High-gold content control alloy FDP (Olympia) Restoration survival (Ceramalloy II versus Olympia) · Patients receiving crowns and FDPs; split-mouth, 10-year · 10 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | OR 3.5 [1.4, 8.7] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Bee propolis (one 500 mg capsule per day) vs Placebo Quality of life · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months (minimum) Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Patients in the propolis group self-reported a significant improvement in their quality of life (P=0.03), based on volunteered statements of self-reported improvement. | 1 study · 19 participants | Ungraded |
Extraction of the primary maxillary canine vs Untreated control (no treatment) Patient satisfaction and pain experience during extraction of the primary canine · Children with palatally displaced maxillary canines (at least 80% aged 10 to 13 years); trials with craniofacial… · At least 6 months follow-up after the intervention Extraction of primary (baby) teeth for unerupted palatally displaced permanent canine teeth in children (2012) · Cochrane | Neither trial reported the outcome of pain, or patient satisfaction. | 0 studies | No studies |
Sodium hypochlorite 5% vs Sodium hypochlorite 5% with proteolytic enzyme Change in periapical radiolucency (radiography or CBCT), up to 1 year after treatment · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Topical ciclosporin 1.5% gel vs Topical clobetasol propionate 0.025% gel Physician Global Assessment (Thongprasom score) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.00, 9.93] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Levamisole (150 mg per day) vs Placebo Overall effectiveness (episodes, lesions, duration, pain) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Eight trials (seven high, one unclear risk of bias) compared levamisole 150 mg/day with placebo (De Cree 1978; Drinnan 1978; Meyer 1977; Miller 1978; Olson 1978; Van de Heyning 1978; Weckx 2009; Zissis 1983).… | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Er:YAG laser debridement vs Manual debridement plus chlorhexidine irrigation/gel Change in gingival recession (REC) · People with at least one dental implant affected by peri-implantitis · 6 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri‐implantitis (2012) · Cochrane | No statistically significant differences for change in recession. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (20 mg twice daily for 90 days) vs Placebo Mean VAS pain per day · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 90 days Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -5.00 [-11.93, 1.93] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Sulodexide (heparin plus dermatan sulphate chains) vs Placebo Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | Sulodexide was not associated with significant adverse events. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% vs Normal saline Proportion of participants with moderate to severe pain 72 hours to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.27, 2.5] | 1 study · 178 participants | Ungraded |
Denzir all-ceramic FDP vs In-Ceram Zirconia all-ceramic FDP Reconstruction failure / chip fractures (12 months) · Patients with all-ceramic implant FDP reconstructions; parallel group, 12-month · 12 months Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition (2012) · Cochrane | None of the 25 reconstructions had failed; significantly more chip fractures in the Denzir group, but as none required repair this outcome was deemed not clinically significant (narrative) | 1 study · 18 participants | Ungraded |
1% pimecrolimus cream vs Placebo (vehicle cream) Physician Global Assessment (surface of erosive lesions) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD -0.50 [-1.39, 0.39] | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in orabase vs Ciclosporin solution Pain reduction (VAS 0-100) · People with erosive oral lichen planus Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites (2012) · Cochrane | MD 45.17 [8.73, 81.61] | 1 study · 11 participants | Ungraded |
Sodium hypochlorite 1% with chlorhexidine 2% final rinse vs Sodium hypochlorite 1% with normal saline final rinse Proportion of participants with new or worsening signs/symptoms of inflammation requiring a revisit, up to 14 days after the procedure · Patients aged 14 to 78 years with mature permanent teeth (fully formed roots), single or multi-rooted, with pulpal or… Irrigants for non‐surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Sulodexide (heparin plus dermatan sulphate chains) vs Placebo Days to resolution of pain / epithelialization; number of aphthae per month · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | The trial by Femiano 2003 (high risk of bias) also compared sulodexide with placebo. Data were incompletely presented (ranges/totals only) precluding further analysis. | 1 study · 20 participants | Ungraded |
Rofecoxib (oral, 50 mg on first day then 25 to 50 mg per day for 4 days) vs Tinidazole (1 g per day for 3 days) Adverse effects · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 4 days Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | No adverse effects reported in translation. | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin B12 (sublingual, 1000 mcg daily for 6 months) vs Placebo Average duration of RAS episode (days) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 6 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -2.86 [-5.39, -0.33] | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Subepithelial connective tissue graft (palate) at implant placement vs No augmentation Patient preference (aesthetics evaluated by patients) · Partially edentulous patients receiving posterior mandibular implants Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0 [0, 0.85] | 1 study · 10 participants | Ungraded |
Prednisone (oral, commencing 25 mg with phased dose reduction over 2 months) vs Montelukast (leukotriene receptor antagonist) Time to resolution of first ulcer (days) · Participants with a previous or current history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), diagnosed on history and… · 2 months Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers) (2012) · Cochrane | MD -2.40 [-2.76, -2.04] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |