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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.89, 1.65] | 2 studies · 263 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal oedema within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.93, 2.09] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal oedema within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.84, 1.13] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal oedema 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.69 [1.03, 2.77] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal bruising within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.51, 2.97] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.79, 1.14] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Perineal redness, oedema, bruising, discharge, wound gaping within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 74 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.26, 3.93] | 1 study · 215 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal pain between 24 ‐ 48 after giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.57, 0.94] | 1 study · 316 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 1.01] | 1 study · 215 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Opinion on treatment effects (good + very good + excellent) Day 5 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.17, 0.68] | 1 study · 49 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs cooling treatment (cold gel pad) Maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Satisfaction with overall perineal care (good + very good + excellent) Day 10 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.73, 0.92] | 1 study · 208 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal oedema within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.87, 1.16] | 1 study · 316 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19] | 1 study · 316 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.97, 1.32] | 1 study · 316 participants | Very low |
Cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) vs no treatment Perineal redness, oedema, bruising, discharge, wound gaping 24 ‐ 48 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Breast pain · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 393 participants | Very low |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 116 participants | Very low |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Cessation of breastfeeding, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Compress treatments vs other treatments/routine care Number of women with adverse events, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 500 participants | Moderate |
Medical treatments vs placebo Breast pain · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 70 participants | Low |
Medical treatments vs placebo Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medical treatments vs placebo Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Medical treatments vs placebo Breast engorgement, · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 115 participants | Low |
Medical treatments vs placebo Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 227 participants | Low |
Medical treatments vs placebo Cessation of breastfeeding · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medical treatments vs placebo Number of women with adverse events, · women with breast engorgement Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Breast pain · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 200 participants | Very low |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 151 participants | Low |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Maternal opinion of treatment, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 151 participants | Low |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Cessation of breastfeeding, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 109 participants | Low |
Cold gel packs vs routine care Number of women with adverse events · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Breast pain · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Cabbage leaf treatments vs other treatments/placebo Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Breast swelling · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Breast engorgement · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Maternal opinion of treatment · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Cessation of breastfeeding, · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 152 participants | Low |
Massage‐based therapies vs other treatments/routine care Number of women with adverse events · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Breast pain · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
Other treatments vs other treatments/advice/routine care Breast induration/hardness · women with breast engorgement during lactation Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |