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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone) vs control (placebo or standard care) Hyperkalaemia · people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Aldosterone antagonists for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.72, 2.78] | 9 studies · 981 participants | Low |
Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone) vs control (placebo or standard care) Gynaecomastia · people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Aldosterone antagonists for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2021) · Cochrane | RR 5.95 [1.93, 18.28] | 4 studies · 768 participants | Moderate |
Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone or eplerenone) vs control (placebo or standard care) Left ventricular mass · people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Aldosterone antagonists for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 562 participants | Low |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Death (any cause) · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Cardiovascular events · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Weight loss · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Body mass index (BMI) · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Waist circumference · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 53 participants | Very low |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Proteinuria · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 84 participants | Very low |
Any weight loss intervention vs usual care or control Systolic blood pressure (SBP) · people with CKD who are overweight or obese Interventions for weight loss in people with chronic kidney disease who are overweight or obese (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 139 participants | Very low |
CVVHD vs CVVH or CVVHDF Circuit lifespan · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pre‐dilution vs post‐dilution (as defined by study investigators) Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pre‐dilution vs post‐dilution (as defined by study investigators) Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pre‐dilution vs post‐dilution (as defined by study investigators) Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Higher blood flow vs standard blood flow Circuit lifespana · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 499 participants | Low |
Higher blood flow vs standard blood flow Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Higher blood flow vs standard blood flow Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Higher blood flow vs standard blood flow Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Long (> 20 cm) vs short (≤ 20 cm) catheter Circuit lifespana · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 402 participants | Low |
Long (> 20 cm) vs short (≤ 20 cm) catheter Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.61, 3.11] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |
Long (> 20 cm) vs short (≤ 20 cm) catheter Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CVVHD vs CVVH or CVVHDF Death from any cause · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.42, 1.4] | 4 studies · 229 participants | Very low |
Long (> 20 cm) vs short (≤ 20 cm) catheter Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.2, 0.72] | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
Surface‐modified vs standard double‐lumen catheter with identical geometry and flow design Circuit lifespan · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 262 participants | Low |
Surface‐modified vs standard double‐lumen catheter with identical geometry and flow design Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.76, 1.53] | 1 study · 236 participants | Very low |
Surface‐modified vs standard double‐lumen catheter with identical geometry and flow design Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.7, 1.2] | 1 study · 236 participants | Low |
Surface‐modified vs standard double‐lumen catheter with identical geometry and flow design Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.09, 1.2] | 1 study · 236 participants | Low |
Polyethylenimine‐treated membrane (AN69ST) vs other membranes Circuit lifespan · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Low |
Polyethylenimine‐treated membrane (AN69ST) vs other membranes Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Polyethylenimine‐treated membrane (AN69ST) vs other membranes Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Polyethylenimine‐treated membrane (AN69ST) vs other membranes Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Flat plate vs hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Circuit lifespan · people with AKI receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
CVVHD vs CVVH or CVVHDF Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.37, 2.21] | 2 studies · 93 participants | Very low |
Flat plate vs hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Death from any cause at day 28 of · people with AKI receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Flat plate vs hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Recovery of kidney function · people with AKI receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Flat plate vs hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Vascular access complications · people with AKI receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More and shorter vs standard hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Circuit lifespan · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6 participants | Low |
More and shorter vs standard hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More and shorter vs standard hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
More and shorter vs standard hollow fibre filter of the same membrane type Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CVVHD vs CVVH or CVVHDF Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CVVHDF vs CVVH Circuit lifespana · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 62 participants | Low |
CVVHDF vs CVVH Death from any cause at day 28 of · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.52, 0.9] | 1 study · 206 participants | Very low |
CVVHDF vs CVVH Recovery of kidney function · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.86, 1.41] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
CVVHDF vs CVVH Vascular access complications · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pre‐dilution vs post‐dilution (as defined by study investigators) Circuit lifespana · AKI patients receiving CKRT Non‐pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 47 participants | Low |
Any anti‐osteoporotic drugs vs placebo Vertebral fracture by radiography · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 3‐4 Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.39, 0.69] | 5 studies · 9054 participants | Low |
Raloxifene vs placebo Vertebral fracture by radiography · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Raloxifene vs placebo Clinical fracture · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.87] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Raloxifene vs placebo Mean change in BMD of the femoral neck · postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and CKD stages 5 and 5D Pharmacological interventions versus placebo, no treatment or usual care for osteoporosis in people with… (2021) · Cochrane | MD 0.01 [0, 0.02] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Very low |