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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

884 questions · 892 findings · 68 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 118 · 13.2%GRADE not reported 156 · 17.5%Very low 187 · 21%Low 270 · 30.3%Moderate 119 · 13.3%High 42 · 4.7%

Intervention not reported

Mortality rate Risk ratio · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality rate Risk ratio (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) Clinical assessment · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) Clinical assessment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Ischaemic stroke ‐ cooled during Clinical examination supported by imaging evidence · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in ischaemic stroke ‐ cooled during Clinical examination supported by… (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Infections Unstated means · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in infections Unstated means (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Congestive heart failure ‐ cooled during · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in congestive heart failure ‐ cooled during (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Myocardial infarction · cerebral protection during brain surgery

The intervention showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NPPV vs oxygen therapy

Duration of ICU stay · adults (aged > 17 years) with acute respiratory failure after upper abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) changes ICU length of stay compared with oxygen therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training may leads to lower postoperative atelectasis original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training probably leads to lower postoperative pneumonia original authors’ definitions compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mechanical ventilation > 48 hours · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes mechanical ventilation > 48 hours compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review