Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

402 questions · 411 findings · 41 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 99 · 24.1%GRADE not reported 32 · 7.8%Very low 132 · 32.1%Low 112 · 27.3%Moderate 33 · 8%High 3 · 0.7%

Synbiotics and paraffin vs paraffin

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 66 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs paraffin

Frequency of defecation (mean number of bowel movements per week) · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs paraffin

Global assessment of treatment success · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

It is very uncertain whether synbiotics changes global improvement or treatment success, as defined by primary studies compared with paraffin (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.13]
1 study · 60 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs paraffin

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs paraffin

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

Probiotic showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.21, 1.95]
5 studies · 357 participants
Low

Probiotics vs placebo

Serious adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 198 participants
GRADE not reported

Synbiotic vs placebo

GI function · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

GI function · adult patients after liver transplantation.

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Acute cellular rejection in liver transplant recipients · adult patients after liver transplantation.

It is very uncertain whether synbiotics changes graft health: acute liver rejection compared with prebiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.43, 1.25]
2 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Graft health · adult patients after liver transplantation.

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Adverse events · adult patients after liver transplantation.

It is very uncertain whether synbiotics changes adverse events compared with prebiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.79 [0.4, 1.59]
2 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Serious adverse events · adult patients after liver transplantation.

It is very uncertain whether synbiotics changes serious adverse events compared with prebiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.49 [0.42, 5.36]
2 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs prebiotic

Death · adult patients after liver transplantation.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 129 participants
Very low

Synbiotic vs placebo

Graft health · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

Adverse events · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

Serious adverse events · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Synbiotic vs placebo

Death · adult kidney transplant recipients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for solid organ transplant recipients 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours · children and adults with acute infectious diarrhoea

The intervention showed no clear difference in diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.91, 1.09]
2 studies · 1770 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mean duration of diarrhoea (hours) · children and adults with acute infectious diarrhoea

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 3058 participants
Very low