Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

458 questions · 466 findings · 48 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 87 · 18.7%GRADE not reported 82 · 17.6%Very low 153 · 32.8%Low 111 · 23.8%Moderate 19 · 4.1%High 14 · 3%

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse effect Various methods · patients with schizophrenia

Adjunctive antioxidants for schizophrenia showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 1. Serious (any time point) ‐ any serious adverse… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short term clinically defined · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Relapse · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes mental state: Relapse ‐ short term clinical diagnosis compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Adverse events: death ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects ‐ dystonia ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether PERPHENAZINE changes adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects ‐ dystonia ‐ short term compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Adverse events: serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Economic outcome ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PERPHENAZINE vs placebo

Service use and hospitalisation: admission ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo

Response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the authors · schizophrenia

Lithium as sole treatment showed no clear difference in response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the authors · schizophrenia

Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics may leads to higher response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the… compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Clinically significant response on manic symptoms at least 50% Bech‐Rafaelsen improvement · schizophrenia

Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in clinically significant response on manic symptoms at least 50%… compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review