Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,348 questions · 1,514 findings · 111 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 287 · 19%GRADE not reported 823 · 54.4%Very low 243 · 16.1%Low 104 · 6.9%Moderate 49 · 3.2%High 8 · 0.5%

1500 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Young children with primary (deciduous) dentition (aged 1 to 6 years at study start)
1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Any postoperative complication except bleeding (e.g. wound infection) · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Number of postoperative bleeding episodes requiring intervention · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic… probably leads to lower number of postoperative bleeding episodes requiring intervention compared with placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste vs Placebo toothpaste (without zinc)

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) compared with placebo toothpaste (without zinc); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel, professionally applied every 3 months plus home use vs Placebo gel

Number of participants with new demineralised lesions (DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond)

It is very uncertain whether 12,500 ppm F (NaF/olaflur/dectaflur) amine fluoride gel,… changes number of participants with new demineralised lesions (DLs) compared with 0 ppm F placebo gel (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Amount of postoperative blood loss (mL) · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions
1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care training of carers vs No training (or a placebo training session) of carers

Behaviour, attitude and self-efficacy (carer experience) (medium term) · People with mixed levels of ID (age range unclear); setting residential

It is very uncertain whether oral hygiene care training of carers changes behaviour, attitude and self-efficacy of carers (medium term) compared with no training (or a placebo training session) of carers (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Patient-used 250 ppm F mouthrinse (100 ppm amine F/150 ppm NaF), daily vs 0 ppm F placebo mouthrinse, daily

Number of participants with more severe DLs (severity of DLs) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pycnogenol chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

VSC: hydrogen sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Pycnogenol chewing gum led to lower VSC: hydrogen sulphide compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Protease cysteine + actinidine tablets vs placebo (3 tablets/4 times a day

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), gas chromatography · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Protease cysteine + actinidine tablets showed no clear difference in volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), OralChroma compared with placebo tablets; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), gas chromatography · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Niles 1999 (cross-over trial) compared 0.3% triclosan + 2.0% PVM/MA + 0.243% NaF toothpaste versus placebo toothpaste; VSC by gas chromatograph. We could not use the results in the meta-analysis as there was no…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Pycnogenol chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Pycnogenol chewing gum showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic antibiotic (oral penicillin 500 mg) plus analgesic vs Placebo plus analgesic

Total number of paracetamol (acetaminophen) with codeine (Tylenol) tablets · Adults over 18 years presenting with a single tooth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis

Systemic antibiotic (oral penicillin 500 mg) plus analgesic showed no clear difference in total number of paracetamol (acetaminophen) with codeine (Tylenol)… compared with placebo plus analgesic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pycnogenol chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

VSC: methyl sulphide · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Pycnogenol chewing gum showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl sulphide compared with placebo chewing gum; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 4 weeks
    Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
    0 studies
    No studies found

0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste vs Placebo toothpaste (without zinc)

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether 0.2% zinc sulphate toothpaste changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo toothpaste (without zinc) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review