Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

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No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake

Black population, hypertensive, DBP mmHg · Black population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol,… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 398 participants
Low

Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake

Asian population, normotensive, SBP mmHg · Asian population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol,… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 950 participants
Moderate

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Hospital readmission · post‐exacerbation COPD

Pulmonary rehabilitation probably leads to lower hospital readmission (to end of compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.44 [0.21, 0.91]
8 studies · 810 participants
Moderate

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Mortality (to end of · post‐exacerbation COPD

Pulmonary rehabilitation showed no clear difference in mortality (to end of compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.68 [0.28, 1.67]
6 studies · 670 participants
Low

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Health‐related quality of life Change in total score of St George Respiratory Questionnaire · post‐exacerbation COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1003 participants
High

Pulmonary rehabilitation vs usual care

Change in 6‐minute walking distance · post‐exacerbation COPD

1 finding from 1 review

Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 819 participants
High

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Overall Pain ‐ 1 to 2 weeks (adequate allocation concealment, and blinding) visual analogue scale; 1 to 9 points (higher indicates worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 383 participants
Low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

Pain at 3 to 6 months Scale from: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worse pain) · Patients with acute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 311 participants
Low
Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 178 participants
Low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · Patients with acute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 205 participants
Moderate
Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 178 participants
Low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

Recovery at one week · Patients with acute low‐back pain

Spinal manipulative therapy showed no clear difference in recovery at one week compared with inert interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.5, 1.85]
2 studies · 263 participants
Low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2 participants
GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Reduction in pain intensity · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 606 participants
Moderate

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · Patients with acute low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 241 participants
Low
Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 681 participants
Moderate

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Recovery at one month · Patients with acute low‐back pain

Spinal manipulative therapy showed no clear difference in recovery at one month compared with other interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.94, 1.21]
2 studies · 117 participants
Low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Serious adverse events · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low‐back pain 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2 participants
GRADE not reported

Spinal manipulative therapy vs inert interventions

Pain VAS 0‐100 (higher means worse) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 72 participants
Very low
Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 70 participants
Very low

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with chronic low‐back pain

3 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1405 participants
High
Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1074 participants
Moderate
Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1285 participants
High

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Functional ability · adults with chronic low‐back pain

2 findings from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1402 participants
High
Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1323 participants
Moderate

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · adults with chronic low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1418 participants
High

Spinal manipulative therapy vs other interventions

Recovery at one month · adults with chronic low‐back pain

Spinal manipulative therapy probably leads to higher recovery at 1 month compared with all other interventions (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low‐back pain 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.37]
3 studies · 370 participants
Moderate