Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

386 questions · 393 findings · 29 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 37 · 9.4%GRADE not reported 40 · 10.2%Very low 30 · 7.6%Low 90 · 22.9%Moderate 149 · 37.9%High 47 · 12%

Intervention not reported

Adults and adolescents · adults and children with chronic asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.25 [0.72, 2.16]
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal SAEc (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [0.97, 1.33]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
41 studies · 27951 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in asthma‐related non‐fatal SAEc (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [0.83, 1.59]
41 studies · 27951 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Children · adults and children with chronic asthma

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

All‐cause non‐fatal SAEc · adults and children with chronic asthma

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause non‐fatal SAEc (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.04 [0.73, 1.48]
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Asthma‐related mortality · adults and children with chronic asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled steroids with and without regular salmeterol for asthma: serious adverse events 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 8453 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.87 [0.76, 1]
1 study · 3372 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.99 [0.57, 1.72]
7 studies · 4937 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.98 [0.59, 1.61]
2 studies · 2510 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.23 [0.84, 1.81]
22 studies · 18538 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.77 [0.62, 0.97]
5 studies · 2488 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.55, 1.12]
6 studies · 2898 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.54 [0.95, 2.49]
10 studies · 8252 participants
Moderate