Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,348 questions · 1,514 findings · 111 reviews · Oral Health

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No studies found 287 · 19%GRADE not reported 823 · 54.4%Very low 243 · 16.1%Low 104 · 6.9%Moderate 49 · 3.2%High 8 · 0.5%

Fluoride varnish vs Non-fluoride (placebo) varnish

Number of participants with more severe DLs (score 3 or 4 versus 1 or 2) · Orthodontic patients of any age with fixed braces (new DLs assessed at debond)

Professionally-applied fluoride varnish (7700 ppm F ammonium… may leads to lower number of participants with more severe DLs (score 3 or 4 versus 1… compared with non-fluoride (placebo) varnish (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
At debond; follow-up 1.7 years
RR 0.46 [0.22, 0.95]
1 study · 148 participants
Low

Oral hygiene care training of carers vs No training (or a placebo training session) of carers

Plaque · People with mixed levels of ID (age range unclear); setting residential

Oral hygiene care training of carers showed no clear difference in plaque (medium term) compared with no training (or a placebo training session) of carers (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Medium term (6 weeks to 12 months)
MD -0.07 [-0.26, 0.13]
2 studies · 99 participants
Low

Chlorhexidine + zinc acetate mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 3 months
Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste leads to lower caries increment, tooth index D(M)FT compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Closest to 36 months
SMD -0.26 [-0.31, -0.21]
41 studies
High

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride… changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
MD -1.0 [-1.65, -0.35]
1 study · 40 participants
Very low

1000 or 1100 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Proportion developing new caries · Adults with mature permanent dentition (aged 18 to 93 years at study start)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Proportion of adults developing new caries: no studies reported this outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Bleeding duration · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in patients with haemophilia or Von Willebrand disease… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
This outcome was not reported in either of the trials.
0 studies
No studies found

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse

Streptococcus mutans count · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced Streptococcus mutans counts more than placebo (favours Salvadora persica); not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Post-treatment · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -1.42 [-2.08, -0.76]
5 studies · 142 participants
GRADE not reported

Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenges vs placebo control

OLT, VSC and breath print scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Marchetti 2015 (2-arm RCT) compared Lactobacillus brevis CD2 lozenges versus placebo lozenges (OLT, VSC and breath print). The study did not report any usable data and hence could not be included in the meta-analysis.
1 study
GRADE not reported

Cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

It is very uncertain whether cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
MD -0.5 [-0.83, -0.17]
1 study · 47 participants
Very low

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
2 weeks
MD -20.53 [-38.52, -2.54]
1 study · 41 participants
GRADE not reported

Essential oil mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

It is very uncertain whether essential oil mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
MD -0.09 [-0.47, 0.29]
1 study · 45 participants
Very low

Antifibrinolytic therapy (tranexamic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid) vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Need for and dose of clotting factor concentrates · People with haemophilia (A or B) undergoing minor oral surgery or dental extractions

1 finding from 1 review

Antifibrinolytic therapy for preventing oral bleeding in patients with haemophilia or Von Willebrand disease… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Reported in both trials in different ways. Forbes (TXA): mean units of replacement therapy per root extracted 617 IU (range 0 to 15,800) in 11 placebo participants versus 30 IU and 65 IU per root in 2 TXA participants…
2 studies · 59 participants
GRADE not reported

Salvadora persica (miswak) mouthrinse vs Placebo rinse

Plaque · Medically healthy individuals (adults and children, 6-60 years)

Salvadora persica rinse reduced plaque more than placebo (favours Salvadora persica); certainty not GRADE-rated (Shekelle grade Ia).

1 finding from 1 review

The antiplaque/anticariogenic efficacy of Salvadora persica (Miswak) mouthrinse in comparison to that of… 2019 All outcomes
Post-intervention · In vivo clinical trial (human oral cavity)
MD -0.59 [-0.82, -0.35]
12 studies · 452 participants
GRADE not reported

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Proportion developing new caries · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

1000 to 1250 ppm F toothpaste showed no clear difference in proportion developing new caries compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up: 12 to 60 months
RR 0.9 [0.77, 1.06]
7 studies · 1898 participants
Low

Triclosan mouthwash (with and without alcohol); zinc lactate + chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

OLT and VSC scores · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Lopez Jornet 2003 (4-arm RCT) compared triclosan mouthwash with and without alcohol and a zinc lactate + chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium mouthwash versus placebo mouthwash (VSC by halimeter and OLT). We could not…
1 study
GRADE not reported

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 2 weeks
Dentist-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for dentist-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum vs Placebo chewing gum

It is very uncertain whether 0.6% eucalyptus chewing gum changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo chewing gum (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 4 weeks
MD -0.1 [-0.31, 0.11]
1 study · 65 participants
Very low

Systemic antibiotic (oral penicillin 500 mg) plus analgesic vs Placebo plus analgesic

Patient-reported pain intensity (sum of pain intensity difference (SPID) and sum of pain percussion intensity difference (SPPID)) · Adults over 18 years presenting with a single tooth with a clinical diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic use for irreversible pulpitis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
7 days
Corresponding risk (Antibiotics): The in between-group differences (median +/- IQR) in SPID for the penicillin group were 6.0 +/- 10.5, and for placebo 6.0 +/- 9.5. The SPPID for the penicillin group was 3.5 +/- 7.5…
1 study · 40 participants
Low

440 to 550 ppm F toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Caries increment, surface index D(M)FS · Children and adolescents with immature permanent dentition (aged 5 to 16 years at study start)

440 to 550 ppm F toothpaste showed no clear difference in caries increment, surface index D(M)FS compared with non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Closest to 36 months
SMD -0.12 [-0.31, 0.07]
2 studies
Low