What do systematic reviews say?

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with antimicrobials) vs Alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with placebo

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with… changes low birth weight < 2500 g compared with alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with… (very low certainty).

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.39 [0.92, 2.09]
  1 study · 756 participants
  Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… changes low birth weight < 1500 g compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.80 [0.38, 1.70]
  2 studies · 2550 participants
  Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with antimicrobials) vs Alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with placebo

It is very uncertain whether periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, alone or with… changes low birth weight < 1500 g compared with alternative (less intensive) periodontal treatment, alone or with… (very low certainty).

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 1.85 [0.69, 4.96]
  1 study · 756 participants
  Very low

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or surgery), alone or with oral hygiene counselling, antiseptics, or antimicrobials vs no treatment

Periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing, polishing, or… may leads to lower birth weight (low birth weight < 2500 g) compared with no treatment (low certainty).

• Treating periodontal disease for preventing adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  RR 0.67 [0.48, 0.95]
  7 studies · 3470 participants
  Low

Resorbable (bioresorbable) plates or screws for fixation vs Titanium plates or screws for fixation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Resorbable versus titanium plates for orthognathic surgery 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Up to 3 years postoperatively
  No data available for this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Oral appliance or functional orthopaedic appliance vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The included study did not assess this outcome.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Pilocarpine vs placebo

• Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Only two studies measured salivary flow rates (Johnson 1993; LeVeque 1993); no usable summary/pooled data reported.
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Performance measures: lower extremity strength, Older adults: SMD 0.05 (95% CI -0.11 to 0.20), not statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Substantial effect unlikely.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes

  Older adults
  SMD 0.05 [-0.11, 0.20]
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Low birth weight: RR 0.4 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.71), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Probable.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
  RR 0.4 [0.23, 0.71]
  3 studies · 507 participants
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo or control

Meta-analysis of randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for Low density lipoprotein: WMD 3.23 (95% CI 0.55 to 5.9), statistically significant. Umbrella review outcome-level evidence grade: Suggestive.

• Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational… 2014 All outcomes
  WMD 3.23 [0.55, 5.9]
  7 studies
  GRADE not reported

Consumption of xylitol chewing gum by women (mothers) vs Profylin lozenge (xylitol/sorbitol + CMC)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No change in stimulated whole saliva.
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported

Saliva stimulant lozenge (sorbitol, Sorbee) vs Saliva substitute spray

Saliva stimulant lozenge (sorbitol, Sorbee) showed no clear difference in salivary flow (unstimulated whole saliva) compared with saliva substitute spray (MouthKote); GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD -0.01 [-0.03, 0.02]
  1 study · 80 participants
  GRADE not reported

Various saliva stimulants (chewable tablet, lozenges, chewing gum, CMC mouthrinse/sprays; 8-arm) vs Saliva substitutes / other products

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No product had a long-term effect on stimulated whole saliva production.
  1 study · 106 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intraoral device releasing Biotene Oral Balance gel vs usual care without an aid

Intraoral device releasing Biotene Oral Balance gel showed no clear difference in salivary flow (unstimulated whole saliva) compared with usual care (no intraoral device); GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.05 [-0.04, 0.14]
  1 study · 30 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chewing gum vs Saliva substitute spray

Chewing gum (mechanical saliva stimulant) showed no clear difference in salivary flow (unstimulated whole saliva) compared with saliva substitute spray; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.01 [-0.01, 0.04]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Mucoadhesive disk (carbomer/triglycerides + antimicrobial agents) vs Placebo disk

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No difference in salivary flow rates between active and placebo disks.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Buffered 'Prophylin' prophylactic gel vs Placebo gel

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Attempts to measure saliva secretion failed because the elderly participants were unable to co-operate.
  1 study · 14 participants
  GRADE not reported

Commercial mouthcare system (Biotene Oral Balance / Xerostom) vs Usual care or CMC-based control

Commercial mouthcare system (Biotene Oral Balance / Xerostom) showed no clear difference in salivary flow (unstimulated whole saliva) compared with usual care or CMC-based control; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.02 [-0.02, 0.06]
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

V6 chewing gum / mucin chewing gum vs PTC chewing gum (xylitol/sorbitol/mannitol)

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Olsson 1991 (crossover, high risk of bias, n=14): both gums increased saliva secretion, peaking 17.5 minutes after chewing started; significant treatment-by-period interaction; no per-group data presented.
  1 study · 14 participants
  GRADE not reported

Physostigmine gel (1.8 mg) vs Placebo gel

• Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Approximately fivefold increase in saliva secretion; mean AUC salivary volume 43.4 +/- 9.4 (physostigmine) vs 8.3 +/- 6.6 (placebo), P < 0.001. Adverse effects: 8 mild gastrointestinal upsets, 1 sweating.
  1 study · 17 participants
  GRADE not reported