What do systematic reviews say?

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment; 147 participants, 147 interventions (2 studies); unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition. Not pooled/graded.
  2 studies · 147 participants
  GRADE not reported

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study); 86 participants, 172 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 86 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; exact time of follow-up not reported); 86 participants, 172 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 86 participants
  GRADE not reported

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition; SDs not reported); 18 participants, 36 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition; SDs not reported); 18 participants, 36 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 18 participants
  GRADE not reported

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found
• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment (orphan study; unclear whether data relate to just solution deposition); 48 participants, 48 interventions (1 study). Not pooled/graded.
  1 study · 48 participants
  GRADE not reported

4% articaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine vs 0.5% bupivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% prilocaine plain vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: See comment; 0 participants (0 studies); 1 case of prolonged anaesthesia recorded; no clinical studies met the outcome definition (unable to confirm whether prolonged anaesthesia = paraesthesia).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) vs control

Vi‐rEPA vaccine (2 doses) probably leads to higher swelling at injection site after Vi‐rEPA (dose 2) compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 20.15 [2.71, 150.08]
  1 study · 11091 participants
  Moderate

Influenza vaccine vs placebo

Influenza vaccine may leads to higher local effects at injection site compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 5.57 [1.75, 17.71]
  1 study · 125 participants
  Low

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs haloperidol

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) showed no clear difference in global state: non‐responders to the first injection compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL (low certainty).

• Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.78, 1.79]
  1 study · 360 participants
  Low

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL

It is very uncertain whether ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) changes repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections… compared with PLACEBO/NIL (very low certainty).

• Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.85]
  2 studies · 382 participants
  Very low

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs PLACEBO/NIL

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) may leads to lower global state: non‐responders to the first injection compared with PLACEBO/NIL (low certainty).

• Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.34, 0.71]
  1 study · 263 participants
  Low

ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) vs haloperidol

It is very uncertain whether ARIPIPRAZOLE (IM) changes repeated need for tranquillisation ‐ needing additional injections… compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: a. HALOPERIDOL (very low certainty).

• Aripiprazole (intramuscular) for psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation) 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.28 [1, 1.63]
  2 studies · 477 participants
  Very low

3% prilocaine, 0.03 IU felypressin vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found

4% articaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine vs 2% mepivacaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Injectable local anaesthetic agents for dental anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SoF: Not measured.
  0 studies
  No studies found