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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Osteotomes with mallet (Summers' technique) vs Rotary instruments (Cosci technique) Complications · Patients undergoing crestal maxillary sinus lift · 3 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 7.86 [0.75, 82.13] | 1 study · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Systemic interventions (aciclovir, thalidomide, corticosteroids, rebamipide, etanercept, colchicine, interferon-alpha) vs Placebo Episode frequency associated with oral ulcers · People with Behcet's disease with a history of recurrent oral aphthous-type (RAS-type) ulcers diagnosed clinically;… Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease (2014) · Cochrane | SoF 2 (systemic interventions vs placebo), grouped comment spanning all four listed outcomes (verbatim; the review's wording "topical" is a typo for systemic): "8 placebo-controlled trials evaluated topical… | NR | Ungraded |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Alteration of hyperdivergent growth pattern · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… · End of treatment (about 2 years) Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Multiple cephalometric measures reported (Erbay 1995). Treated group: total anterior facial height (N-Me) +3.9 (SD 1.8) mm, upper anterior facial height (N-ANS) +3.3 (SD 1.2) mm; controls showed significantly greater… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Parathyroid hormone · Adults with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD -49.34 [-85.70, -12.97] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Mortality (all cause) · Adults (general population) · Vitamin D2, general population Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 1.04 [0.97, 1.11] | 8 studies · 17079 participants | Ungraded |
Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment Postoperative pain · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… · On regaining consciousness, up to 1 hour (1 study to 48 hours) Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity in the studies, we were unable to determine an estimate of effect | 2 studies · 115 participants | Very low |
Surgical anchorage (mini-screw or mid-palatal implant) vs Conventional anchorage (headgear, transpalatal/palatal arch, etc.) Duration of overall treatment · Patients of any age undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and requiring anchorage (adolescents to… Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -0.25 [-0.62, 0.12] | 3 studies · 111 participants | Low |
Sucralfate suspension (topical) vs Placebo suspension Number of painful days · People with Behcet's disease with a history of recurrent oral aphthous-type (RAS-type) ulcers diagnosed clinically;… · End of treatment Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease (2014) · Cochrane | MD 9.00 [-4.25, 22.25] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Performance measures: balance sway · Older or community-dwelling adults Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | SMD -0.20 [-0.39, -0.01] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Performance measures: lower extremity strength · Older or community-dwelling adults Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | SMD 0.05 [-0.11, 0.20] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Infiltration injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment or placebo Postoperative pain or distress · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… · Postoperatively, typically up to discharge Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | Because of substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity in the studies, we were unable to determine an estimate of effect | 6 studies · 542 participants | Very low |
Pre-drilling mini-screw implant vs Self-drilling mini-screw implant Success of the anchorage device · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.91, 1.38] | 1 study · 62 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Cardiovascular disease · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.66 [0.57, 0.77] | 19 studies · 66488 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Mortality (all cause) · Adults (general population) · Vitamin D3, general population Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.91 [0.82, 1.02] | 9 studies · 12824 participants | Ungraded |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Extraction of tooth (due to decay) · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Frankel's function regulator-4 (FR-4) with lip-seal training vs No treatment Economic evaluation (costs) · Children and adolescents (over 80% aged 16 years or younger at treatment start) with anterior open bite (lack of… Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children (2014) · Cochrane | Outcome proposed in the review but not found in any included study. The review states: 'The other outcomes proposed in this review were not found: stability of anterior open bite correction; reduction of snoring; signs… | 0 studies | No studies |
Hand mallet (osteotomes) vs Electric mallet Augmentation procedure failure · Patients undergoing one-stage crestal maxillary sinus lift without bone grafts (baseline residual bone height about… · 19 months to 3 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | Augmentation failures 0/40 versus 0/40; none. | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Repair of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) vs Replacement of a defective amalgam restoration in a permanent molar or premolar tooth (with amalgam) Adverse events · Adults (16 years or over) with one or more defective amalgam restoration(s) in a molar or premolar tooth/teeth · Medium term (less than 5 years) or long term (5 years and above) Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: amalgam (2014) · Cochrane | No randomised controlled trials were found | 0 studies | No studies |
Sinus lift with bone graft (granular Bio-Oss) vs Sinus lift without bone graft (Inion resorbable rigid barrier maintaining space / no bone) Bone gain · Patients with an atrophic maxillary sinus requiring augmentation (1 to 5 mm residual bone height) · 6 months after augmentation Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.26 [-0.91, 1.43] | 1 study · 9 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Depression · Adults (general population) · Cohort studies Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | HR 0.44 [0.27, 0.72] | 3 studies · 8815 participants | Ungraded |
Dual mini-screw implant vs Single mini-screw implant Mesiodistal movement of the upper first permanent molar · Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring surgical (mini-screw implant) anchorage Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | MD 1.62 [0.98, 2.26] | 1 study · 25 participants | Ungraded |
Steri-Oss acid-etched titanium screws vs Southern blasted/etched titanium screws Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 to 10 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.08] | 2 studies · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Southern regular implants vs Neoss turned implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [0.15, 72.36] | 1 study · 23 participants | Ungraded |
Colchicine (systemic; 0.5 mg three times daily for 6 months) vs Placebo Improvement in oral ulcer score · People with Behcet's disease with a history of recurrent oral aphthous-type (RAS-type) ulcers diagnosed clinically;… · 6 months Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.48, 1.17] | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
Powered toothbrush, unknown/other action vs Manual toothbrush Plaque score (1 to 3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Short term (1 to 3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | Unknown/other action vs manual, plaque at 1 to 3 months: 2 trials; totals not selected (data presented in forest plots but not pooled owing to lack of clarity about the toothbrushes). | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Vascular calcification · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 1.09 [0.45, 2.67] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Mortality · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 1.34 [0.34, 5.24] | 5 studies · 477 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Triglycerides · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD -1.92 [-7.72, 3.88] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Topical interventions (sucralfate, interferon-alpha, cyclosporin A) vs Placebo Pain associated with oral ulcers · People with Behcet's disease with a history of recurrent oral aphthous-type (RAS-type) ulcers diagnosed clinically;… Interventions for managing oral ulcers in Behçet's disease (2014) · Cochrane | SoF (topical interventions vs placebo), grouped comment spanning all four listed outcomes (verbatim): "5 placebo-controlled trials evaluated topical interventions (sucralfate suspension (2 trials), interferon-alpha (2… | NR | Ungraded |
NobelActive internal connection implants vs Nobel Speedy Groovy external connection implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 1 year Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Pozzi 2014) | 1 study · 34 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration Breast cancer · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.99 [0.68, 1.44] | 3 studies · 3627 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Ischaemic stroke · Adults (general population) · Hazard ratio (cohort studies) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | HR 0.66 [0.55, 0.80] | 4 studies · 26596 participants | Ungraded |
Sinus lift with bone graft (granular Bio-Oss) vs Sinus lift without bone graft (Inion resorbable rigid barrier maintaining space / no bone) Bone gain · Patients with an atrophic maxillary sinus requiring augmentation (1 to 5 mm residual bone height) · 30 months after augmentation Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0.10 [-1.04, 1.24] | 1 study · 39 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control High density lipoprotein · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD -0.14 [-0.99, 0.71] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration Colon cancer · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.88 [0.57, 1.35] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Falls · Older or community-dwelling adults Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.97 [0.84, 1.11] | 10 studies | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Head circumference at birth · Pregnant women Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD 0.43 [0.06, 0.79] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
One-stage lateral sinus lift with monocortical autogenous bone blocks (iliac crest) vs Two-stage lateral sinus lift with autogenous particulate bone (iliac crest) Prosthesis failure · Patients with 2 to 7 mm of residual alveolar bone height in the edentulous maxillary sinus floor · 3 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 1.00 [0.06, 17.18] | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D supplementation vs Placebo or control Low birth weight · Pregnant women Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | RR 0.4 [0.23, 0.71] | 3 studies · 507 participants | Ungraded |
Sinus lift with bone graft (granular Bio-Oss) vs Sinus lift without bone graft (Inion resorbable rigid barrier maintaining space / no bone) Complications · Patients with an atrophic maxillary sinus requiring augmentation (1 to 5 mm residual bone height) · 1 year after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 0.50 [0.01, 9.60] | 1 study · 9 participants | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration vs Lower circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration Ischaemic stroke · Adults (general population) · Odds ratio (case-control studies) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.52 [0.44, 0.61] | 5 studies · 31858 participants | Ungraded |
Surgical anchorage (mini-screw or mid-palatal implant) vs Conventional anchorage (headgear, transpalatal/palatal arch, etc.) Duration of space closure · Patients of any age undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and requiring anchorage (adolescents to… Reinforcement of anchorage during orthodontic brace treatment with implants or other surgical methods (2014) · Cochrane | SMD -0.09 [-0.54, 0.35] | 3 studies · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Rotary instruments to open the lateral sinus window vs Piezosurgery to open the lateral sinus window Implant failure · Patients undergoing lateral-window maxillary sinus lift · 1 year after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | Rickert 2013 (N = 36): no implant failures in either group. | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Astra TiO2-blast titanium implants vs SwissPlus (Zimmer) cylindrical implants Implant failure · Adults with missing teeth who received osseointegrated root-formed dental implants, functionally loaded and followed… · 5 years Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants (2014) · Cochrane | No failures; risk ratio not estimable (Akoglu 2011) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Higher circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration vs Lower circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) concentration Aggressive prostate cancer · Adults (general population) Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | OR 0.75 [0.48, 1.17] | 2 studies · 1488 participants | Ungraded |
Topical local anaesthetic (spray or dental swab) vs Placebo or no treatment Parental satisfaction · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | No study reported parental satisfaction | 0 studies | No studies |
Vitamin D compounds (supplementation) vs Placebo or control Alkaline phosphatase · Adults with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of… (2014) | WMD -27.35 [-50.69, -4.01] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Hand mallet (osteotomes) vs Electric mallet Complications at augmented site · Patients undergoing one-stage crestal maxillary sinus lift without bone grafts (baseline residual bone height about… · 19 months to 3 years after loading Interventions for replacing missing teeth: augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus (2014) · Cochrane | OR 3.16 [0.31, 31.78] | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Intraligamental injection local anaesthetic vs No treatment Physiological parameters (cardiac/respiratory events; type and volume of GA drug) · Children and young people aged 17 years or younger having dental treatment (including extractions) under general… Intraoperative local anaesthesia for reduction of postoperative pain following general anaesthesia for… (2014) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported on this outcome | 0 studies | No studies |
Powered toothbrush, counter oscillation action vs Manual toothbrush Plaque score (1 to 3 months) · Individuals of any age with no reported disability that might affect toothbrushing (including people wearing… · Short term (1 to 3 months) Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health (2014) · Cochrane | MD -0.03 [-0.15, 0.10] | 4 studies · 184 participants | Ungraded |