What do systematic reviews say?

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy ‐ at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

• Late (≥ 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [0.84, 1.61]
  17 studies · 1290 participants
  High

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy ‐ at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

• Late (≥ 7 days) systemic postnatal corticosteroids for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.76, 1.06]
  17 studies · 1290 participants
  High

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 271 participants
  Moderate
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 171 participants
  Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 234 participants
  Low
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 170 participants
  Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 241 participants
  Moderate
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 175 participants
  High

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 219 participants
  Very low
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 164 participants
  Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation may leads to lower admission‐free survival compared with standard treatment following a severe exacerbation (low certainty).

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.71 [0.54, 0.94]
  2 studies · 317 participants
  Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs standard treatment following a severe exacerbation

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment following a severe exacerbation (low certainty).

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.97 [0.74, 1.28]
  2 studies · 318 participants
  Low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 475 participants
  High
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 232 participants
  High

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 330 participants
  Low
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 134 participants
  Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 259 participants
  Very low
• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 200 participants
  Very low

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Chronic non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment (moderate certainty).

• Chronic non‐invasive ventilation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]
  3 studies · 405 participants
  Moderate

Thrombolytic therapy vs heparin: primary outcome measures

Thrombolytic therapy may leads to lower death from all causes (duration of compared with heparin: primary outcome measures (low certainty).

• Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.58 [0.38, 0.88]
  19 studies · 2319 participants
  Low

Thrombolytic therapy vs heparin: primary outcome measures

Thrombolytic therapy probably leads to higher major haemorrhagic events (duration of compared with heparin: primary outcome measures (moderate certainty).

• Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.84 [1.92, 4.2]
  15 studies · 2101 participants
  Moderate

Thrombolytic therapy vs heparin: primary outcome measures

Thrombolytic therapy may leads to higher minor haemorrhagic events (duration of compared with heparin: primary outcome measures (low certainty).

• Thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.97 [1.66, 5.3]
  13 studies · 1757 participants
  Low

Self‐instruction and one‐to‐one counselling vs self‐instruction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at‐risk populations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Education vs standard printed material

It is very uncertain whether education changes proportion of participants developing a new pressure (12 months) compared with standard printed material (very low certainty).

• Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at‐risk populations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.57 [0.78, 16.38]
  1 study · 105 participants
  Very low

Computerised feedback and one‐on‐one consultations vs no feedback

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at‐risk populations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Computerised feedback and one‐on‐one consultations vs no feedback

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at‐risk populations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Individualised pressure ulcer education and monthly structured telephone follow‐up vs standard pressure ulcer education and monthly mail or telephone follow‐up

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at‐risk populations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found