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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Neonatal and child outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Developmental delay in childhood№ of participants: 600 (3 RCTs). Age at · infants born of women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.27, 0.97] | NR | Moderate |
Maternal outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Maternal death · women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.36, 3.89] | NR | Moderate |
Maternal outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Chorioamnionitis№ of participants: 8374(15 RCTs) · women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.69, 1.08] | NR | Moderate |
Maternal outcomes: corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment Endometritis№ of participants: 6764(10 RCTs) · women at risk of preterm birth Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.82, 1.58] | NR | Moderate |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Fever ‐ not measured · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Maternal length of stay № of participants: 393 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Infected episiotomy/laceration (superficial perineal wound infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.4, 0.69] | NR | High |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Infected episiotomy/laceration (deep perineal wound infection № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.31, 0.69] | NR | High |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Infected episiotomy/laceration (organ or space infection) № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 2.05] | NR | Low |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Infected episiotomy/laceration (wound breakdown) № of participants: 2593 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.43, 0.63] | NR | Moderate |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Endometritis № of participants: 3813 (2 RCTs) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.04, 2.64] | NR | Low |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Urinary tract infection ‐ not measured · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Serious infectious complications № of participants: 3420 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.22, 0.89] | NR | High |
Any antibiotics vs placebo or no treatment Maternal adverse reactions № of participants: 2593 (1 RCT) · operative vaginal delivery Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.18, 22.05] | NR | Low |
NSAID vs placebo Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [1.45, 1.91] | 11 studies · 946 participants | Moderate |
NSAID vs opioid Maternal adverse events (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.43, 0.89] | 3 studies · 255 participants | Low |
NSAID vs opioid Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs opioid Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.99, 1.61] | 5 studies · 299 participants | Low |
Opioid vs placebo Need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.28, 0.82] | 3 studies · 273 participants | Low |
Opioid vs placebo Maternal adverse events (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [0.99, 2.55] | 3 studies · 188 participants | Low |
Opioid vs placebo Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs placebo Need for additional pain relief (5 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.07, 0.33] | 4 studies · 375 participants | Low |
Opioid vs placebo Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioid vs placebo Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (6 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.8, 2] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo Need for additional pain relief (up to 4 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.21, 2.54] | 1 study · 75 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo Maternal adverse events (up to 4 hours and at 6 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.27 [0.97, 5.33] | 2 studies · 123 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (6 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.62, 1.26] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs placebo Maternal adverse events (4 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.78, 1.41] | 9 studies · 598 participants | Low |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Need for additional pain relief · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Maternal adverse events (up to 4 hours and at 6 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.52, 1.86] | 2 studies · 112 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs NSAID Any breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (1 to 4 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.78, 1.18] | 4 studies · 394 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Need for additional pain relief (4 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.44, 2.29] | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Maternal adverse events (1 hour) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.6, 41.39] | 1 study · 108 participants | Very low |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs placebo Neonatal adverse events · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Duration of hospital stay · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAID vs herbal analgesia Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains. Relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |